Cognitive Dysfunction Among Primi gravidae Attending an Ante Natal Clinic in Kano, Northwest Nigeria
关键词:
cognitive impairment, cognition, primi gravidae, pregnancy, Kano, Nigeria摘要
Summary: Cognitive deficits among pregnant women have been reported, though the evidence is equivocal. Cognitive dysfunction during pregnancy may have negative consequences on maternal and child health. Yet, very little is known about cognitive function of pregnant women in general and primi gravidae in particular in the area under study. This study aimed to evaluate cognitive function among primi gravidae. About 120 primi gravidae were studied in a large urban hospital in Kano. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to evaluate cognitive function; socio-demographic and clinical data were obtained. Data were processed using IBM SPSS statistics version 20.0. Significant values of P were those < 0.05. The median age of the primi gravidae was 20.0 (3) years; 80 % of them had secondary school education, 88.3 % were in their third trimester of pregnancy and 42.5 % did not have any medical complaints at the time of presentation. The median MMSE score of the primi gravidae was 22.00 (19.0), indicating mild cognitive impairment. Majority of the women (88.3%) had either mild (58.3%) or severe (30%) cognitive dysfunction. The cognitive dysfunction was influenced by level of education (X2 = 11.961, P = 0.003) and type of presenting complaints (X2 = 13.514, P = 0.036). There was significant association between the mild cognitive impairment and level of education (X2 = 11.426, P = 0.022). This study concluded that the primi gravidae had mild cognitive impairment; with majority (88.3%) of them having cognitive dysfunction, which was significantly associated with level of educational attainment and was influenced by the level of education and presenting complaints.
参考
Bennett, D.A., Wilson, R.S. and Schneider, J.A., (2003). Education modifies the relation of Alzheimer disease pathology to level of cognitive function in older persons. J. neurol. 60(12): 1909 - 1915.
Buckwalter, J.G., Stanczyk, F. Z., McCleary, C.A., Bluestein, B. W., Buckwalter, D. K., Rankle, K. P. Chang, L. and Goodwin, T. M. (1999). Pregnancy, the postpartum and childbirth. Brit. J. Obst. Gynec. 81:764 - 767.
Casey, P., Huntsdale, C., Angus, G. and Janes C. (1999). Memory in Pregnancy II: Implicit, incident, explicit, semantic, short-term, working and prospective memory in primigravid, multigravida and postpartum women. J. Psychosom. Obst. and Gynec. 20(3): 158 -164.
Christensen, H., Leach, L.S., Mackinnon, A. (2010). Cognition in pregnancy and motherhood: Prospective cohort study. Bri. J. Psych. 196: 126 - 132.
Christensen, H., Poyser, C., Pollit, P. and Cubis, J. (1999). Pregnancy may confer a selective cognitive advantage. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 17: 7 - 25
Colcombe, S.J., Erickson, K.I., Raz, N., Webb, A.G., Cohen, N.J., McAuley, E. and Kramer, A.F. (2003). Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 58(2):176 - 180.
Crawley, R., Grant, S. and Hinshaw, K.I.M. (2008). Cognitive changes in Pregnancy: mild decline or societal stereotype? Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 22(8): 1142 - 1162.
De Groot, R.H.M., Vuurman, E.F.P.M., Hornstra, G. and Jolles J. (2006). Differences in cognitive performance during pregnancy and early motherhood. J. Psychol. Med. 36(7): 1023 - 1032.
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E. and McHugh, P.R. (1975). Mini- mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12(3):189 – 198.
Henry, J.D. and Rendell, P.G. (2007). A review of the impact of pregnancy on memory function. J. Clin. Exper. Neuropsychol. 22(8): 798 - 803.
Janes, C., Casey, P., Huntsdale, C. and Angus, G. (1999). Memory in pregnancy I: Subjective experiences and objective assessment of implicit, explicit and working memory in primigravid and primiparous women. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynec. 20(2):80 - 87.
Jessica, F. H., and Barbara, B. S. (2012). Hormones and cognitive functioning during late pregnancy and postpartum. Behav. Neurosci. 126(1): 73 - 85.
Konstantinos, V., Anna, T, Grigorios, T., Panagiotis, I., Aspasia, S., John, H., Miltos, L. and Charitomeni, P. (2012). Mild cognitive impairment: effect of education on the verbal and non- verbal tasks performance decline. J. Brain Behav. 2(5): 620 - 627.
Larry, C. (2017). Cognition in the depressed patients. http://www.cmeinstitute.com/Psychlopedia/Pages/depression/23cdp/sec3/section.aspx. (Accessed on June 15, 2017).
Mariana, J.R. and Jerko, B. (2016). Does Body Mass Index in Pregnant Women Affect Laboratory Parameters in the Newborn? Amer. J. Perinatol. 6(2):155 – 159.
Murman, D.L. (2015). The impact of age on cognition. Seminars Hearing 36(3): 111 - 121.
Parcells, D.A. (2010). Women’s mental health nursing: depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy. J. Psych. Ment. Heal. Nurs. 17(9):813 - 820.
Parisi, J.M. (2010). Engagement in adulthood: perceptions and participation in daily activities. Activities adapt. aging 34(1):1 - 16
Park, D.C. and Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2009). The adaptive brain: aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 17:21 - 27.
Parsons, C. and Redman, S. (1991). Self-reported cognitive change during pregnancy. The Austral. J. Adv. Nurs. 9(1):20 - 29.
Raymond, J.L., Rhea, R.K., Jacob, M.R., Christina, K.K. and Hannah, L.P., (2014). Gating of neural error signals during motor learning. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989.583/. (Accessed on October 25, 2017)
Roger, W.H. (2017). Fatigue during pregnancy. Mayo clinic: Guide to a healthy pregnancy http://americanpregnancy.org/your-pregnancy/fatigue-during-pregnancy/. (Accessed on October 25, 2017)
Stern, Y., Albert, S., Tang, M.X. and Tsai, W.Y. (1999). Rate of memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease is related to education and occupation: cognitive reserve? Neurology 53: 1942 - 1947.
Suzanne, R.T., (2017). Morning sickness (vomiting during pregnancy). https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pregnancy_vomiting/article_em.htm. (Accessed on octomber 25, 2017).
Hassan, T.M. and Yarube, I.U. (2018). Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor is reduced in stroke survivors with cognitive impairment. Pathophysiology 25: 405 - 410.
Tulchinsky, D., Hobel, C.J., Yeagar, E. and Marshall, J.R. (1972). Plasma oestradiol, estriol, and progesterone in human pregnancy: Clinical applications in Rh-iso- immunization disease. Amer. J. Obstetr. Gynecol. 113:766.
Yarube, I.U., Hassan, T.M., Ahmad, R.Y., Umar, L.M., Musa, B.M. and Ibrahim, S.M. (2019). Association between cognition and peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a sample of normal adults in Kano, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences, 6: 55-59.
Yarube, I.U. and Mukhtar, I.G. (2018). Impaired cognition and normal cardiometabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes in Kano, Nigeria. Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine, 5: 37 - 44.
Yusuf, A.J., Baiyewu, O., Bakari, A.G., Garko, S.B., Jibril, M.E. and Suleiman, A.M. (2018). Low education and lack of spousal relationship are associated with dementia in older adults with diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. Psychogeriatrics, 8: 216 - 223.
