TRADITIONAL APPROCHES TO TREATING ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN AFRICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54548/Resumen
Summary: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an increasingly prevalent global health issue. Although FDA-approved medications like sildenafil are available, their use is often accompanied by undesirable side effects. Consequently, there is growing interest in traditional medicine as an alternative treatment option. This review provides a detailed mechanistic analysis of key African medicinal plants utilized for managing erectile dysfunction. Relevant literature was obtained from authoritative scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Search terms such as "erectile dysfunction," "African medicinal plants," "traditional medicine," and "mechanisms of action" were used to identify pertinent studies. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate research on African medicinal plants with reported efficacy in ED treatment. Studies were selected based on scientific rigor, pharmacological investigations, and mechanistic insights into their bioactive compounds and therapeutic pathways. Several African medicinal plants have demonstrated potential in treating ED through mechanisms such as boosting nitric oxide synthesis, modulating enzymatic pathways (e.g., phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition), and enhancing blood circulation. While existing studies highlight their effectiveness, there is still limited understanding of their precise molecular mechanisms and possible adverse effects. African medicinal plants offer a promising alternative for ED management. However, further research, including mechanistic studies and clinical trials, is essential to establish their safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. This review emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional medicine into ED treatment strategies.
Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, Medcinal plants, Herbal remedies, Traditional medicine.
Referencias
Abdel Aziz, M. T., El Asmer, M. F., Rezq, A., Kumosani, T. A., Mostafa, S., Mostafa, T. and Abdel Aziz, A. (2010). Novel water-soluble curcumin derivative mediating erectile signaling. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 7(8): 2714–2722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01543.x
Abdullahi, A.A. (2011). Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 8(5S). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.5
Adeneye, A.A., Olagunju, J.A., Murtala, B.A. and Carvalho, J.C.T. (2019). Evaluation of male fertility-enhancing activities of water seed extract of Hunteria umbellata in Wistar rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7693010
Ademosun, A.O., Adebayo, A.A. and Oboh, G. (2019). Anogeissus leiocarpus attenuates paroxetine-induced erectile dysfunction in male rats via enhanced sexual behavior, nitric oxide level and antioxidant status. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 111: 1029–1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.022
Ademiluyi, A.O., Oyeniran, O.H., Jimoh, T.O., Oboh, G. and Boligon, A.A. (2019). Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) seed modulates some markers of erectile function in isolated rat corpus cavernosum: Influence of polyphenol and amino acid constituents. Journal of Food Biochemistry 43(11): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13037
Akindele, A.J., Ajao, M.Y., Aigbe, F.R. and Enumah, U.S. (2013). Effects of Telfairia occidentalis (Fluted pumpkin; Cucurbitaceae) in mouse models of convulsion, muscle relaxation, and depression. Journal of Medicinal Food 16(9): 810–816. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0211
Akomolafe, S.F., Oboh, G., Oyeleye, S.I. and Boligon, A.A. (2016). Aqueous extract from ficus capensis leaves inhibits key enzymes linked to erectile dysfunction and prevent oxidative stress in rats’ penile tissue. National Science Foundation Journal 4(1): 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2016.06.001
Allouh, M.Z., Daradka, H.M. and Ghaida, J.H. (2015). Influence of Cyperus esculentus tubers (Tiger Nut) on male rat copulatory behavior. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0851-9
Arumugam, A., Karthikeyan, C., Hameed, A.S.H., Gopinath, K., Gowri, S. and Karthika, V. (2015). Synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using Gloriosa superba L. leaf extract and their structural, optical and antibacterial properties. Materials Science and Engineering Journal C 49(1): 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.042
Aydin, C. and Senel, E. (2020). Impotence literature: Scientometric analysis of erectile dysfunction articles between 1975 and 2018. Andrologia 52(3): e13520. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13520
Bello, A.A. and Jimoh, A.A. (2018). Some physical and mechanical properties of African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) timber. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 22(1): 79–84. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i1.14
Besong, E.B., Ateufack, G., Kamanyi, A. and Moumbock, A.F. (2019). Aphrodisiac effects of methanolic leaf extract of Pseudopanax arboreus (Araliaceae) (L.F. Phillipson) in normal male rats. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine 16(1): 24–33. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v16i1.3
Birowo, P., Deswanto, I.A. and Rasyid, N. (2019). Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: A cross-sectional web-based survey conducted in an Indonesian national referral hospital. F1000Research 8: 817. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18930.1
Carro-Juárez, M. and Rodríguez-Manzo, G. (2003). Yohimbine reverses the exhaustion of the coital reflex in spinal male rats. Behavioural Brain Research 141(1): 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00324-8
Chan, Y. S., Cheng, L. N., Wu, J. H., Chan, E., Kwan, Y. W., Lee, S. M. Y., ... and Chan, S. W. (2011). A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock). Inflammopharmacology, 19(5): 245-254.. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-010-0062-4
Chauhan, N.S. and Dixit, V.K. (2010). Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees, Acanthaceae: Chemistry, traditional, medicinal uses and its pharmacological activities – A review. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 20: 812–817. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2010005000022
Chauhan, N.S., Sharma, V. and Dixit, V.K. (2011). Effect of Asteracantha longifolia seeds on the sexual behaviour of male rats. Natural Product Research 25(15): 1423–1431. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410802588493
Chen, D.C., Bau, M., Tsai, Y. and Ho Hsu, T. (2009). Could traditional Chinese medicine use for curing erectile dysfunction?. 2nd International Conference of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/BMEI.2009.5304967
Chen, M., Hao, J., Yang, Q. and Li, G. (2014). Effects of icariin on reproductive functions in male rats. Molecules 19(1): 9502–9514. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079502
Choi, Y. D., Park, C. W., Jang, J., Kim, S. H., Jeon, H. Y., Kim, W. G., ... and Chung, W. S. (2013). Effects of Korean ginseng berry extract on sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study. International journal of impotence research, 25(2): 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2012.45
Curti, V., Di Lorenzo, A., Dacrema, M., Xiao, J., Nabavi, S.M. and Daglia, M. (2017). In vitro polyphenol effects on apoptosis: An update of literature data. Seminars in Cancer Biology 46: 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.005
David, B., Wolfender, J.L. and Dias, D.A. (2015). The pharmaceutical industry and natural products: historical status and new trends. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14: 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9367-z
De Andrade, E., De Mesquita, A.A., Claro, J.D.A., De Andrade, P.M., and Ortiz, V. (2007). Study of the efficacy of Korean red ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Asian Journal of Andrology, 9(2): 241-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00210.x
Diniz, A.F.A., Ferreira, R.C., de Souza, I.L.L. and da Silva, B.A. (2020). Ionic channels as potential therapeutic targets for erectile dysfunction: a review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11: 1120.
Drewes, S.E., Horn, M.M., Munro, O.Q., Dhlamini, J.T., Meyer, J.M. and Rakuambo, N.C. (2002). Pyrano-isoflavones with erectile-dysfunction activity from Eriosema kraussianum. Phytochemistry, 59(7): 739-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00035-3
Eleazu, C., Obianuju, N., Eleazu, K. and Kalu, W. (2017). The role of dietary polyphenols in the management of erectile dysfunction–Mechanisms of action. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 88: 644–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.125
Eseyin, O.A., Sattar, M.A. and Rathore, H.A. (2014). A review of the pharmacological and biological activities of the aerial parts of Telfairia occidentalis Hook.f. (Cucurbitaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 13(10): 1761–1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v13i10.28
Esievo, K., Anthony, S., Fatokun, O. and Kunle, O. (2018). ficus capensis Thumb. (Moraceae): Review of its ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activities and phytochemical constituents. Archives of Current Research International 12(3): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ACRI/2018/39495
Evans, W.C. (2009) Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy, Elsevier Health Sciences, 27 May.
Fabricant, D.S. and Farnsworth, N.R. (2001). The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(Suppl.1): 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s169
Fofie, N., Yvette, B., Kiyinlma, C. and Diénéba, K. (2014). Pharmacognostic study of Ocimum gratissimum Linn.: Pharmafood plant. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2(5): 74–79.
Gauthaman, K. and Ganesan, A.P. (2008). The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction – an evaluation using primates, rabbits, and rats. Phytomedicine 15: 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.011
Goswami, S.K., Inamdar, M.N., Jamwal, R. and Dethe, S. (2014). Effect of Cinnamomum cassia methanol extract and sildenafil on arginase and sexual function of young male Wistar rats. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 11(6): 1475–1483. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12535
Govindarajan, R., Vijayakumar, M., Singh, M., Rao, C.V., Shirwaikar, A., Rawat, A.K. and Pushpangadan, P. (2006). Antiulcer and antimicrobial activity of Anogeissus latifolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106(1): 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.002
Guay, A.T., Spark, R.F., Jacobson, J., Murray, F.T. and Geisser, M.E. (2002). Yohimbine treatment of organic erectile dysfunction in a dose-escalation trial. International Journal of Impotence Research 14(1): 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900803
Hurisa, A.D. and Negera, G.Z. (2020). Erectile dysfunction among diabetic patients in a tertiary hospital of Southwest Ethiopia. The Open Public Health Journal 13(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010240
Hussain, A.A., Mohammed, A.A., Ibrahim, H.H. and Abbas, A.H. (2009). Study on the biological activities of Tribulus terrestris extracts. International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering 3(9): 433–435.
Hsueh, T.Y., Wu, Y.T., Lin, L.C., Chiu, A.W., Lin, C.H. and Tsai, T.H. (2013). Herb-drug interaction of Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) maxim extract on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in rats. Molecules 18(6): 7323–7335. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18067323
Hutchings, A. and Scott, A.H., 1996). Zulu medicinal plants: An inventory’). Journal of Natural Products. 60(9): 955. https://doi.org/10.1021/np970084y
Ismail, S.B. (2003). Randomized clinical trial on the use of Physta freeze-dried water extract of Eurycoma longifolia for the improvement of quality of life and sexual well-being in men. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/429268
Iwalewa, E.O., McGaw, L.J., Naidoo, V. and Eloff, J.N. (2007). Inflammation: the foundation of diseases and disorders – A review of phytomedicines of South African origin used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(25). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2457
Izah, S.C., Zige, D.V., Alagoa, K.J., Uhunmwangho, E.J. and Iyamu, O.A. (2018). Antibacterial efficacy of aqueous extract of Myristica fragrans (Common Nutmeg) Sylvester. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology 6(4): 291–295.
JianFeng, C., PengYing, Z., ChengWei, X., TaoTao, H., YunGui, B. and KaoShan, C. (2012). Effect of aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L. (burdock) roots on the sexual behavior of male rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-8
Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M. and Oryem-Origa, H. (2005). Traditional herbal remedies used in the management of sexual impotence and erectile dysfunction in western Uganda. African Health Sciences 5(1): 40–49.
Kamtchouing, P., GY, M.F., Dimo, T. and Jatsa, H.B. (2002). Evaluation of androgenic activity of Zingiber officinale and Pentadiplandra brazzeana in male rats. Asian Journal of Andrology 4(4): 299–301.
Kessler, A., Sollie, S., Challacombe, B., Briggs, K. and Van Hemelrijck, M. (2019). The global prevalence of erectile dysfunction: A review. BJU International 124(4): 587–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14813
Kim, S., Cho, M.C., Cho, S.Y., Chung, H. and Rajasekaran, M.R. (2021). Novel emerging therapies for erectile dysfunction. The World Journal of Men’s Health 39(1): 48. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.200007
Liu, W., Xin, Z., Xin, H., Yuan, Y., Tian, L. and Guo, Y. (2005). Effects of icariin on erectile function and expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in castrated rats. Asian Journal of Andrology 7(4): 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00066.x
Maghsoumi-Norouzabad, B., Alipoor, R., Eftekhar Sadat, B., Mesgari-Abbasi, M. and Asghari Jafarabadi, M. (2016). Effects of Arctium lappa L. (Burdock) root tea on inflammatory status and oxidative stress in patients with knee osteoarthritis. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 19(3): 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12477
Mashele, S.S. (2019). Medicinal properties of selected asparagus species: A review. Phytochemicals in Human Health, 9 August. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87048
Mishra, R.K. and Singh, S.K. (2008). Safety assessment of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicular function in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(10): 3333–3338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.006
Mobley, D.F., Khera, M. and Baum, N. (2017). Recent advances in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Postgraduate Medical Journal 93(1105): 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134073
Mohammadzadeh-Moghadam, H. (2015). Effects of a topical saffron (Crocus sativus L.) gel on erectile dysfunction in diabetics: A randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 20(4): 283-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215583756
National Institutes of Health (NIH): 2004, Erectile Dysfunction, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): Eds: Melman, A. and Hirsch, M., NIH Publication No. 04-3923.
Neychev, V.K., and Mitev, V.I. (2005). The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence androgen production in young men. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101(1-3): 319-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.017
Nguyen, H.M., Gabrielson, A.T. and Hellstrom, W.J. (2017). Erectile dysfunction in young men—a review of the prevalence and risk factors. Sexual Medicine Reviews 5(4): 508–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.05.004
Nyila, M.A., Leonard, C.M., Hussein, A.A. and Lall, N. (2012). Activity of South African medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes biofilms, and isolation of active compounds from Acacia karroo. South African Journal of Botany 78: 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.09.001
Oboh, G., Adebayo, A.A. and Ademosun, A.O. (2019. Hunteria umbellata seed extract administration modulates activities of phosphodiesterase-5 and purinergic enzymes relevant to erection in normal male rats. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 19: 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00368-y
Oboh, G., Ademiluyi, A.O., Ademosun, A.O., Olasehinde, T.A., Oyeleye, S.I., Boligon, A.A. and Athayde, M.L. (2015. Phenolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves inhibits key enzymes linked to erectile dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats’ penile tissues. Biochemistry research international, 2015(1): 175950. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/175950
Odubanjo, V.O., Olasehinde, T.A., Oyeleye, S.I., Oboh, G. and Boligon, A.A. (2018). Seed extracts from Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) inhibit enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction and metal-induced oxidative damage in rats’ penile tissues. Journal of Food Biochemistry 42(1): 19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12452
Ojewole, J.A. (2007). African traditional medicines for erectile dysfunction: Elusive dream or imminent reality?. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 18(4): 213–215.
Ojo, O.A., Ojo, A.B., Oyinloye, B.E., Ajiboye, B.O. (2019). Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Leaves reduce the key enzymes activities relevant to erectile dysfunction in isolated penile and testicular tissues of rats. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 19(1): 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2481-0
Olabiyi, A.A., Oboh, G., Akinyemi, A.J., Ademiluyi, A.O., Boligon, A.A. and de Campos, M.M. (2017). Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) supplemented diet modulates key biochemical indices relevant to erectile function in male rats. Journal of Functional Foods 34: 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.022
Papageorgiou, D., Bebeli, P.J., Panitsa, M. and Schunko, C. (2020). Local knowledge about sustainable harvesting and availability of wild medicinal plant species in Lemnos island, Greece. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 16: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00390-4
Pare, S.R., Zade, V.S. and Thakare, V.G. (2014). Evaluation of the potential aphrodisiac activity of aqueous, chloroform and alcohol extract of Gloriosa superba in male albino rat. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 6(2): 39.
Prabsattroo, T., Wattanathorn, J., Somsapt, P. and Thukhummee, W. (2015). Moringa oleifera extract enhances sexual performance in stressed rats. Journal of Zhejiang University – Science B 16(3): 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1400197
Pratap, S.A. and Rajender, S. (2012). Potent natural aphrodisiacs for the management of erectile dysfunction and male sexual debilities. Frontiers in Bioscience 4: 167–180. https://doi.org/10.2741/s259
Ratnasooriya, W.D. and Fernando, T.S. (2008). Effect of black tea brew of Camellia sinensis on sexual competence of male rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118(3): 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.023
Russo, A., Maisto, E., Romis, L. and Celentano, G. (2019). Use of a natural compound made of Ecklonia bicyclis seaweed, Tribulus terrestris, and water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharide in male sexual asthenia with mild or mild-moderate erectile dysfunction and serum testosterone levels at the lower limit of normal. Health, 8(15): 1668-1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2016.815162
Saffati, G., Seyan, Z., Rendon, D.O., Almuhaideb, M., Hinojosa-Gonzalez, D.E., Kronstedt, S. and Khera, M. (2025). Erectile dysfunction as a holistic indicator of well-being: A narrative review. Sexual Medicine Reviews 13(1): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeae066
Sawicka, B., Otekunrin, O.A., Skiba, D., Bienia, B. and Ćwintal, M. (2020). Plant-derived stimulants and psychoactive substances–social and economic aspects. Medical and Clinical Research 5(10): 313–335. https://doi.org/10.33140/MCR.05.10.08
Schmidt, B.M. (2017). Ethnobotany: A phytochemical perspective. Ethnobotany, 16 August, 1–09. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118961933.ch1
Sewani-Rusike, C.R., Ralebona, N. and Nkeh-Chungag, B.N. (2016). Dose- and time-dependent effects of Garcinia kola seed extract on sexual behaviour and reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. Andrologia 48(3): 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12447
Sexual Function Health Council (SFHC): 2004, American Foundation for Urologic Disease, 1128 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201.
Shah, G.R., Chaudhari, M.V., Patankar, S.B., Pensalwar, S.V. and Sabale, V.P. (2012). Evaluation of a multi-herb supplement for erectile dysfunction: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12(155): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-155
Shamsa, A., Hosseinzadeh, H. and Molaei, M. (2009). Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: A pilot study. Phytomedicine 16(8): 690–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2009.03.008
Shiferaw, W.S., Akalu, T.Y. and Aynalem, Y.A. (2020). Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus and its association with body mass index and glycated hemoglobin in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Endocrinology 2020(1): 5148370. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5148370
Shindel, A.W., Xin, Z.C., Lin, G., Fandel, T.M., Huang, Y.C., Banie, L., Breyer, B.N., Garcia, M.M., Lin, C.S. and Lue, T.F. (2010). Erectogenic and neurotrophic effects of icariin, a purified extract of horny goat weed (Epimedium spp.) in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Sexual Medicine 7(1): 1518–1528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01699.x
Tajuddin, Ahmad, S., Latif, A. and Qasmi, I.A. (2003). Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry (clove) in male mice: A comparative study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-3-6
Tajuddin, Ahmad, S., Latif, A. and Qasmi, I.A. (2004). Effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry (clove) on sexual behaviour of normal male rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-4-17
Tambi, M.I.B.M., Musa, K.I. and Henkel, R. (2011). Standardized water-soluble extract of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat ali) as a testosterone booster for managing men with late-onset hypogonadism. Andrology, 1–5.
Thu, H.E., Mohamed, I.N., Hussain, Z., Jayusman, P.A. and Shuid, A.N. (2017). Eurycoma longifolia as a potential adaptogen for male sexual health: A systematic review on clinical studies. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicine 15(1): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30010-9
Wang, S., Chu, T., Chen, J. and Zhang, J. (2010). Ginsenoside Rg1 improves male copulatory behavior via the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Journal of Sexual Medicine 7(2): 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01482.x
Wang, X., Liu, C., Xu, Y., Chen, P., Shen, Y., Xu, Y., Zhao, Y., Chen, W., Zhang, X., Ouyang, Y. and Wang, Y. (2017). Combination of mesenchymal stem cell injection with icariin for the treatment of diabetes-associated erectile dysfunction. PLOS ONE 12(3): e0174145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174145
Wassersug, R. and Wibowo, E. (2017). Non-pharmacological and non-surgical strategies to promote sexual recovery for men with erectile dysfunction. Translational Andrology and Urology 6(Suppl 5): S776. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.04.09
West, E. and Krychman, M. (2015). Natural aphrodisiacs – A review of selected sexual enhancers. Sexual Medicine Reviews 3(4): 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/smrj.62
Xiao, J. (2018). Stability of dietary polyphenols: It’s never too late to mend?. Food and Chemical Toxicology 119: 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.051
Yadav, R.N. and Agarwala, M. (2011). Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. Journal of Phytology 3(12).
Yafi, F.A., Jenkins, L., Albersen, M., Corona, G., Isidori, A.M., Goldfarb, S., Maggi, M., Nelson, C.J., Parish, S., Salonia, A. and Tan, R. (2016). Erectile dysfunction. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2(1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.3
Yakubu, M.T. and Afolayan, A.J. (2009). Effect of aqueous extract of Bulbine natalensis (Baker) stem on the sexual behaviour of male rats. International Journal of Andrology 32(6): 629–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00910.x
Yakubu, M.T. and Afolayan, A.J. (2010). Anabolic and androgenic activities of Bulbine natalensis stem in male Wistar rats. Pharmaceutical Biology 48(5): 568–576. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903207094
Yakubu, M.T. and Akanji, M.A. (2011). Effect of aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata stem on sexual behaviour of male Wistar rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/738103
Yakubu, M.T., Akanji, M.A., Oladiji, A.T. and Adesokan, A.A. (2008). Androgenic potentials of aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyl. stem in male Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118(3): 508–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.020
Yakubu, M.T. and Quadri, A.L. (2012). Garcinia kola seeds: is the aqueous extract a true aphrodisiac in male Wistar rats?. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9(4): 530-535. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v9i4.9
Yeh, K.Y., Pu, H.F., Kaphe, K., Lin, S.F., Wu, L.S. and Lin, J.H. (2008). Ginkgo biloba extract enhances male copulatory behavior and reduces serum prolactin levels in rats. Hormones and Behaviour 53(1): 225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.10.001
Yeshiwas, Y., Tadele, E. and Tiruneh, W. (2019). The dynamics of medicinal plants utilization practice nexus its health and economic role in Ethiopia: A review paper. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 11(1): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2018.1201
Zade, V.S., Dabhadkar, D.K., Thakare, V.G. and Pare, S.R. (2013). Effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seed on sexual activity of male albino rats. Biology Forum – An International Journal 5(1): 129–140. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v18i3.23
Zamblé, A., Sahpaz, S., Brunet, C. and Bailleul, F. (2008). Effects of Microdesmis keayana roots on sexual behavior of male rats. Phytomedicine 15(8): 625–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.10.002
Zeng, J.F., Zhu, H.C., Lu, J.W., Hu, L.Z., Song, J.C. and Zhang, Y.H. (2017). Two new geranylphenylacetate glycosides from the barks of Cinnamomum cassia. Natural Product Research 31(15): 1812–1818. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1294175
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
