Antibacterial Efficacy of Morinda lucida and Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extracts against Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella species
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/ajbr.v27i2.6Keywords:
Antibacteria, Antimicrobial Resistance, Nigeria, genesAbstract
The emergence and reemergence antibacterial resistance has made it more difficult for a choice of effective antibiotics to treat infections caused by bacteria. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria are usually spread from person to person, or from non-human sources in the environment. These non-human sources could aid in the spread of resistant genes as well as resistant pathogens. A systematic review was carried out in accordance to PRISMA guidelines, 55 relevant literatures were included from the 152 searched were identified from PubMed, Google Scholar and AJOL using related specific search terms. Only studies carried out or related to Nigeria from January, 2000 to August, 2022 were considered eligible. All data obtained from the reviewed articles were presented in percentages using MS Excel 2013. The most prevalent antibacterial genes were blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM with the prevalence of 2.77%; sul1 and tetA with the prevalence rate of 2.31%; tetM with the prevalence rate of 2.08%; and blaCTX-M, blaSHV, mecA, sul2 and tetB having a prevalence of 1.85%. The sources from which these resistance genes were identified are humans (55.7%) and non-humans (44.3%). The most prevalent bacteria harboring these resistant genes were Escherichia coli (13.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.66%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.03%). A Antibiotics resistance has continued to threaten the success of modern medicine, with more resistance strains emerging constantly. The wide distribution of antibacterial resistance genes in non-human sources makes them reservoirs of these resistant genes which could potentially be transferred from commensal microorganisms to human pathogens
References
Abdolmaleki, Z., Mashak, Z. and Dehkordi, F. S. (2019). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in the methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospital cockroaches. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 8:54.
Adelowo, O. O. and Fagade, O. E. (2009). The tetracycline resistance gene tet39 is present in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria from a polluted river, Southwestern Nigeria. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 48:167-172.
Adelowo, O. O., Helbig, T., Knecht, C., Reincke, F., Ma¨usezahl, I. and Mu¨ller, J. A. (2018)a. High abundances of class 1 integrase and sulfonamide resistance genes, and characterisation of class 1 integron gene cassettes in four urban wetlands in Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 13(11): e0208269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208269.
Adelowo, O. O., Ikhimiukor, O. O., Knecht, C., Vollmers, J., Bhatia, M., Kaster, A-K. and Mu¨ller, J. A. (2020). A survey of extended-spectrum beta-lactamaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae in urban wetlands in southwestern Nigeria as a step towards generating prevalence maps of antimicrobial resistance. PLoS ONE. 15(3): e0229451. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229451.
Adelowo, O. O., Vollmers, J., Mäusezahl, I., Kaster, A-K. and Müller, J. A. (2018)b. Detection of the carbapenemase gene blaVIM-5 in members of the Pseudomonas putida group isolated from polluted Nigerian wetlands. Scientific Reports. 8:15116. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33535-3.
Adesoji, A. T. and Call, D. R. (2020). Molecular analysis of florfenicol-resistant bacteria isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Nigeria. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 23: 340-344.
Adesoji, A. T. Olufemi, O. I. and Adeniyi, O. A. (2019). Genotypic Characterization of Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes from Bacteria Isolates in Selected Municipal Drinking Water Distribution Sources in Southwestern Nigeria. Ethiop J Health Sci. 29(3):321.
Adesoji, A. T., Ogunjobi, A. A. and Olatoye, I. O. (2015)b. Molecular characterization of selected multidrug resistant Pseudomonas from water distribution systems in southwestern Nigeria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 14:39. Doi: 10.1186/s12941-015-0102-4.
Adesoji, A. T., Ogunjobi, A. A., Olatoye, I. O. and Douglas, D. R. (2015)a. Prevalence of Tetracycline Resistance Genes among Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria from selected water distribution systems in southwestern Nigeria. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 14:35. Doi: 10.1186/s12941-015-0093-1.
Adeyemo, A. T., Kolawole, B., Rotimi, V. O. and Aboderin, A. O. (2021). Multicentre study of the burden of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the aetiology of infected diabetic foot ulcers. Afr J Lab Med. 10(1), a1261. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v10i1.1261.
Afolayan, A. O., Oaikhena, A. O., Aboderin, A. O., Olabisi, O. F., Amupitan, A. A., Abiri, O. V., Ogunleye, V. O., Odih, E. E., Adeyemo, A. T., Adeyemo, A. T., Obadare, T. O., Abrudan, M., Argimón, S., David, S., Kekre, M., Underwood, A., Egwuenu, A., Ihekweazu, C., Aanensen, D. M. and Okeke, I. N. (2021). Clones and Clusters of Antimicrobial-Resistant Klebsiella from Southwestern Nigeria. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 73 (Suppl 4):73.
Aibinu, I. Odugbemi, T., Koenig, W. and Ghebremedhin, B. (2011). Sequence Type ST131 and ST10 Complex (ST617) predominant among CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Nigeria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18: E49–E51. Doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03730.x.
Ajayi, A., Smith, S. I., Kalpy, J. C., Bode-Sojobi, I. O., René, Y. K. and Adeleye, A. I. (2019). Molecular diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 66(4):509-527. DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.034.
Alabi, O. S., Mendonça, N., Adeleke, O. E., Jorge da Silva, G. (2017). Molecular screening of antibiotic-resistant determinants among multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis from Southwest Nigeria. Afri Health Sci. 17(2): 356-365. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i2.9.
Angulo, F. J., Nunnery, J. A. and Bair, H. D. (2004). Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic enteric pathogens. Revue Scientifique et Technique International Office of Epizootics. 23(2):485-496.
Anyanwu, M. U., Marrollo, R., Paolucci, M., Brovarone, F., Nardini, P., Chah, K. F.,
Shoyinka, S. V. O. and Carretto, E. (2021). Isolation and characterisation of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales from chickens in Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 26 (2021) 93–100.
Aworh, M. K., Ekeng, E., Nilsson, P., Egyir, B., Owusu-Nyantakyi, C. and Hendriksen, R. S. (2022). Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli among Humans, Beef Cattle, and Abattoir Environments in Nigeria. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 12:869314. Doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.869314.
Aworh, M. K., Kwaga, J. K. P., Hendriksen, R. S. et al. (2021). Genetic relatedness of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from humans, chickens and poultry environments. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 10:58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-021-00930-x.
Awosile, B. B., Agbaje, M., Adebowale, O., Kehinde, O. and Omoshaba, E. (2022). Beta-lactamase resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae from Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med. 2022; 11(1), a1371. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1371
Ayeni, F. A., Gbarabon, T., Andersen, C., Nørskov-Lauritsen, N. (2015). Comparison of identification and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Amassoma, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Afri Health Sci. 15(4):1282-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i4.30.
Bebe, T., Odetoyin, B. and Bolarinwa, R. (2020). Occurrence of Multidrug-resistant Uropathogens Implicated in Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease in Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria. Oman Medical Journal, 35:2: e109.
Bernabé, K. J., Langendorf, C., Ford, N., Jean-Baptiste Ronat, J. and Murphy, R. A. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 50: 629–639.
Beshiru, A., Okareh, O. T., Okoh, A. A. and Igbinosa, E. O. (2020). Detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of Vibrio strains isolated from ready-to-eat shrimps in Delta and Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 129(1):17-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14590.
Bob-Manuel, M., McGee, L., Igunma, J. A., Alex-Wele, M. A., Obunge, O. K. and Wariso, K. T. (2021). Whole genome sequence based capsular typing and antimicrobial resistance prediction of Group B streptococcal isolates from colonized pregnant women in Nigeria. BMC Genomics, 22:627. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07929-z.
Capkin, E., Terzi, E. and Altinok, I. (2015). Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in culturable bacteria isolated from Turkish trout farms and their local aquatic environment. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 114(2). Doi:10.3354/dao02852.
Caprioli, A., Busani, L., Marte, J. L. and Helmuth, R. (2000). Monitoring of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of animal origin: epidemiological and microbiological methodologies. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 14: 291-294.
Carlet, J., Collignon, P., Goldmann, D., Gyssen, K. and Jarlier, V. et al. (2011). Society’s failure to protect a precious resource: antibiotics. Lancet. 378(9788):369-371.
Chah, K. F., Gómez-Sanz, E., Nwanta, J. A., Asadu, B., Agbo, I. C., Lozano, C., Myriam Zarazaga, M. and Torres, C. (2014). Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci from healthy dogs in Nsukka, Nigeria. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 45(1): 215-220.
Cizman, M. (2003). The use and resistance to antibiotics in the community. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 21(4):297-307.
Dinic, L., Akande, P., Idigbe, E. O., Ani, A., Onwujekwe, D., Agbaji, O., Akanbi, M., Nwosu, R., Adeniyi, B., Wahab, M., Lekuk, C., Kunle-Ope, C., Nwokoye, N. and Kanki, P. (2012). Genetic Determinants of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected Patients in Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2905–2909.
Duru, C., Olanipekun, G., Odili, V., Kocmich, N., Rezac, A., Ajose, T. O., Medugu, N., Umoru, D., Onuchukwu, C., Munir, H., Jibir, B. W., Farouk, Z., Gambo, S., Hanga, F. H., Olaosebikan, R., Ebruke, B., Esimone, C. and Obaro, S. (2020). Molecular characterization of invasive Enterobacteriaceae from pediatric patients in Central and Northwestern Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 15(10): e0230037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230037.
Egwuenu, A., Obasanya, J., Okeke, I., Aboderin, O., Olayinka, A., Kwange, D. et al. (2018).
Antimicrobial use and resistance in Nigeria: situation analysis and
recommendations. Pan Afr Med J. 8(8):2.
Goossens, H. (2011). Expert-proposed European strategies to monitor and control infection, antibiotic use, and resistance in health care facilities. Lancet. 11(5):338-340.
Hazen, T. H., Michalski, J., Nagaraj, S., Okeke, I. N. and Rasko, D. A. (2017). Characterization of a large antibiotic resistance plasmid found in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain B171 and its relatedness to plasmids of diverse E. coli and Shigella strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 61:e00995-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00995-17.
Huss, H. H., Ababouch, L. and Gram, L. (2003). Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 444. FAO, Rome. Available:ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/y4743e/y4743e00.pdf.
Ibadin, E. E., Enabulele, I. O. and Muinah, F. (2017). Prevalence of mecA gene among Staphylococci from clinical samples of a tertiary hospital in Benin City, Nigeria. Afri Health Sci. 17(4): 1000-1010. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i4.7.
Jesumirhewe, C., Springer, B., Allerberger, F. and Ruppitsch, W. (2020). Whole genome sequencing of extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 15(4): e0231146. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231146.
Kazmierczak, K. M., Rabine, S., Hackel, M., McLaughlin, R. E., Biedenbach, D. J., Bouchillon, S. K., Sahm, D. F. and Bradford, P. A. (2016). Multiyear, multinational survey of the incidence and global distribution of metallo-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 60:1067–1078. Doi:10.1128/AAC.02379-15.
Labar, A. S., Millman, J. S., Ruebush, E., Opintan, J. A., Bishar, R. A., Aboderin, A. O., Newman, M. J., Lamikanra, A. and Okeke, I. N. (2012). Regional Dissemination of a Trimethoprim-Resistance Gene Cassette via a Successful Transposable Element. Plos One. 7(5): e38142.
Lamikanra, A., Crowe, J. L., Lijek, R. S., Odetoyin, B. W., Wain, J., Aboderin, A. O. and Okeke, I. N. (2011). Rapid evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in Nigeria is temporally associated with fluoroquinolone use. BMC Infectious Diseases. 11:312. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/11/312.
Maripandi, A. and Al-Salamah, A.A. (2010). Multiple antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles of salmonella enteritidis isolated from retail chicken meats. American Journal of Food Technology; 5(4): 260-268.
Matthew, J., Joanne, E. M., Patrick, M. B., Isabelle, B., Tammy, C. H., Cynthia, D. M., Larissa, S., Jennifer, M. T., Elie, A. A., Sue, E. B., Roger, C., Julie, G., Jeremy, M. G., Asbjørn, H., Manoj. M. L., Tianjing, L., Elizabeth, W. L., .Evan, M., Steve, M., Luke, A. M., Lesley, A. S., James, T., Andrea, C. T., Vivian, A. W., Penny, W. and David, M. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews British Medical Journal; 372 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.
McGeer, A., Fleming, C.A., Gree, K. and Low, D.E. (2001). Antimicrobial resistance in Ontario: Are we making progress? Laboratory Proficiency Testing Program Newsletter No. 293, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp: 1-2.
Mengistu T. S., Castellanos, G., Seminati, C., Molina-López, R. A. and Laila Darwich, L. (2022). Occurrence of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria and resistance genes in semi-aquatic wildlife - Trachemys scripta, Neovison vison and Lutra lutra - as sentinels of environmental health. Science of The Total Environment. 830, 154814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154814.
Monárrez, R., Braun, M., Coburn-flynn, O., Botelho, J., Odetoyin, B. W., Otero-Vera, J. I., Quartey, N. K. E., Peixe, L., Aboderin, A. O. and Okeke, I. N. (2019). A large self-transmissible resistance plasmid from nigeria contains genes that ameliorate a carrying cost. Scientific Reports. 9:19624. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56064-z.
Ndihokubwayo, J. B., Yahaya, A. A., Desta, A. T., Ki-Zerbo, G. and Odei, E.A. et al., (2013). Antimicrobial resistance in the African region: Issues, challenges and actions proposed. Afr. Health Monit. 16: 27-30.
Nwafia, I. N., Ohanu, M. E., Ebede, S. O. and Ozumba, U. C. (2019). Molecular detection and antibiotic resistance pattern of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in a Tertiary Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 18:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-019-0342-9.
Nwiyi, P., Chah, K. and Shoyinka, S. V. O. (2018). Detection of some resistance genes in Salmonella isolated from Poultry farms in Abia and Imo States, Southeastern Nigeria. Nig. Vert J. 39(2). Doi: 10.4314/nvj.v39i2.4.
Nworie, A., Onyema, A. S., Okekpa, S. I., Elom, M. O., Umoh, N. O., Usanga, V. U., Ibiam, G. A., Ukwah, B. N., Nwadi, L. C., Ezeruigbo, C., Olayinka, B. O., Ehinmidu, J. O., Onaolapo, J. A., Hanson, B. M., Wardyn, S. E. and Smith, T. C. (2017). A Novel Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus t11469 and a Poultry Endemic Strain t002 (ST5) Are Present in Chicken in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. BioMed Research International. Article ID: 2936461. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2936461.
O’Malley, S. M., Emele, F. E., Nwaokorie, F. O., Idika, N., Umeizudike, A. K., Emeka-Nwabunnia, I., Hanson, B. M., Nair, R., Wardyn, S. E. and Smith, T. C. (2015). Molecular typing of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nigeria. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 8:187—193.
Obasuyi, O., McClure, J., Oronsaye, F. E., Akerele, J. O., Conly, J. and Zhang, K. (2020). Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Benin-City, Nigeria. Microorganisms. 8(6): 912. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8060912.
Obayiuwana, A. and Ibekwe, A. M. (2020). Antibiotic Resistance Genes Occurrence in Wastewaters from Selected Pharmaceutical Facilities in Nigeria. Water. 12(7):1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071897.
Obayiuwana, A.,, Ogunjobi, A., Yang, M. and Ibekwe, M. (2018). Characterization of Bacterial Communities and Their Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Wastewaters Obtained from Pharmaceutical Facilities in Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15, 1365; doi:10.3390/ijerph15071365.
Odetoyin, B., Adeola, B. and Olaniran, O. (2020). Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Species Isolated from the Body Surface of the Housefly (Musca domestica) in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Arthropod Borne Disease, 14(1):88-96.
Odoi, H., Boamah, V. E., Boakye, Y. D. and Agyare, C. (2021). Prevalence and Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Mechanisms of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Clinical, Environmental, and Poultry Litter Samples from the Ashanti Region of Ghana. J Environ Public Health. 2021: 9976064 doi: 10.1155/2021/9976064.
Odumosu, B. T., Adeniyi, B. A. and Chandra, R. (2015). Occurrence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes genes (aac(6′)-I and ant(2′′)-I) in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Southwest Nigeria. Afri Health Sci. 15(4):1277-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.
v15i4.29.
Ogbolu, D. O., Daini, O. A., Ogunledun, A., Alli, O. A. T. and Webber, M. A. (2013). Dissemination of IncF plasmids carrying beta-lactamase genes in Gram-negative bacteria from Nigerian hospitals. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013; 7(5):382-390. doi:10.3855/jidc.2613.
Ogbolu, D. O., Piddock, L. J. V. and Webber, M. A. (2020). Opening Pandora’s Box: High-level resistance to antibiotics of Last resort in Gram-negative bacteria from Nigeria. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 21:211-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2019.10.016.
Okoli, I.C. (2004). Studies on antimicrobial resistance among E. coli isolates from feeds and poultry production units, PhD Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, 2004.
Okorie-Kanu, O. J., Anyanwu, M. U., Ezenduka, E. V., Mgbeahuruike, A. C., Thapaliya, D., Gerbig, G., et al. (2020). Molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken and pig carcasses, and carcass handlers. PLoS ONE. 15(5): e0232913. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232913.
Olonitola, O. S., Fahrenfeld, N. and Pruden, A. (2015). Antibiotic resistance profiles among mesophilic aerobic bacteria in Nigerian chicken litter and associated antibiotic resistance genes. Poultry Science. 94:867–874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev069.
Olowe, O. A., Adewumi, O., Odewale, G., Ojurongbe, O. and Adefioye, O. J. (2015). Phenotypic and Molecular Characterisation of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli Obtained from Animal Fecal Samples in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. Volume 2015, Article ID 497980, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/497980.
Omoya, F. O. and Ajayi, K. O. (2016). Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Poultry Droppings in Akure, Nigeria.
Onanuga, A., Mahindroo, J., Singh, S. and Taneja, N. (2019). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal. 34:144. Doi:10.11604/pamj.2019.34.144.18182.
Perewari, D. O., Otokunefor, K. and Agbagwa, O. E. (2022). Tetracycline-Resistant Genes in Escherichia coli from Clinical and Nonclinical Sources in Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology. Article ID: 9192424. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9192424.
Raji, M. A., Jamal, W., Ojemeh, O. and Rotimi, V. O. (2015). Sequence analysis of genes mediating extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in a Lagos Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. BMC Infectious Diseases. 15:259. DOI 10.1186/s12879-015-1005-x.
Raufu, I., Bortolaia, V., Svendsen, C. A., Ameh, J. A., Ambali, A. G., Aarestrup, F. M. and Hendriksen, R. S. (2013). The first attempt of an active integrated laboratory-based Salmonella surveillance program in the north-eastern region of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 115:1059-1067. Doi: 10.1111/jam.12304.
Saka, H. K., Garcı-´a-Soto, S., Dabo, N. T., Lopez, C. V., Muhammad, B., Ugarte-Ruiz, M. and Alvarez, J. (2020). Molecular detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli clinical isolates from diarrhoeic children in Kano, Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 15(12): e0243130. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243130.
Salam, L. B. (2020). Unravelling the antibiotic and heavy metal resistome of a chronically polluted soil. Biotech. 10:238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02219-z.
Shittu, A. O., Okon, K., Adesida, S., Oyedara, O., Witte, W., Strommenger, B., Layer, F. and Nübel, U. (2011). Antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Nigeria. BMC Microbiology, 11:92.
Shittu, A., Oyedara, O., Abegunrin, F., Okon, K., Raji, A., Taiwo, S., Ogunsola, F., Onyedibe, K. and Elisha, G. (2012). Characterization of methicillin-susceptible and –resistant staphylococci in the clinical setting: a multicentre study in Nigeria. BMC Infectious Diseases. 12:286. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/12/286.
Shittu, O. B., Uzairue, L. I., Ojo, O. E., Obuotor, T. M., Folorunso, J. B., Raheem-Ademola, R. R., Olanipekun, G., Ajose, T., Medugu, N., Ebruke, B. and Obaro, S. K. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from droppings of layer chicken in two farms in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 132(5):3891-3906. Doi: 10.1111/jam.15477.
Smith, A., 2004. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics. In: Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical
Microbiology, Denyer, S.P., N.A. Hodges and S.P. Gorman (Eds.). Blackwell Science,
Massachusetts, USA.
Taiwo, S.S., 2011. Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century: A public health challenge. World J. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1: 11-16.
Thongkao, K. and Sudjaroen, Y. (2019). Screening of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria isolated from tiny freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium lanchesteri) and “Kung Ten”, the uncooked Thai food. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 7(1): 83–91. doi: 10.5455/javar.2020.g397.
Ugwu, C. C., Gomez-Sanz, E., Agbo, I. C., Torres, C., Chah, K. F. (2015). Characterization of mannitol-fermenting methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from pigs in Nigeria. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 46(3): 885-892. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-838246320140644.
Wernli, D., T. Haustein, J. Conly, Y. Carmeli, I. Kickbusch and S. Harbarth, (2011). A call for action: The application of the international health regulations to the global threat of antimicrobial resistance. PLoS Med., Vol. 8. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001022.
WHO (2001). Strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. WHO/CDS/CSR/DRS/2001.2, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, WHO., Geneva, Switzerland, pp: 1-105.
WHO (2007). Progress in the rational use of medicines. World Health Assembly Resolution. Sixtieth World Health Assembly, Document No. WHA60.16 (2007). http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js21451ar/. Accessed: 20:05:2022.
Word Health Organization. WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed 2017. Retrieved from www.who.int/news/item/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed
World Health Organization (WHO) 1999. Food safety associated with products from aquaculture: Report of a joint FAO/NACA/WHO study group. WHO Technical Report Series 883. WHO, Geneva; 1999.
Zubair, K. O. and Iregbu, K. C. (2018). Resistance Pattern and Detection of Metallo-beta-lactamase Genes in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Central Nigeria Tertiary Hospital. Niger J Clin Pract. 21:176-82.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 African Journal of Biomedical Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
