چکیده
Background: Herbal remedies or food supplements
have increasingly become attractive alternatives to
prevent or treat hyperglycemia and
hypercholesterolemia. The study evaluates the
synergistic effects of Tetracarpidium conophorum
(Tc) nuts and Gongronema latifolium (Gl) leaves
on plasma lipid profile and blood glucose.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted
on 60 apparently healthy subjects within the age range
of 20-55years. 20 subjects consumed 5g of GI leaves,
20 consumed 75g of Tc nuts and 20 consumed 5g of
GI leaves and 75g of Tc nuts daily for 6 weeks.
Results: The plasma Glucose and Lipid parameters
were analyzed using standard laboratory methods.
Statistically significant reduction was observed in the
level of Plasma fasting blood glucose (FBG), Total
cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C and
LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio (P<0.05) of the subjects that
consumed Gl leaves compared with their baseline
values. Similar results were obtained in lipid
parameters of participants that consumed Tc nuts
with a significant increase in their HDL-C level
(P<0.05). Also, subjects that consumed combined Gl
leaves and Tc nuts recorded statistically significant
reduction in the level of plasma FBG and the lipid
parameters with a significant increase in HDL-C level
(P<0.05) compared with their baseline values.
Conclusion: This study concluded that Gl has
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects while Tc has
hypolipidemic effect. Furthermore, the synergistic
hypolipidemic effect of Tc nuts and Gl leaves led to
more significant reduction in the lipids and lipoprotein
values.
مراجع
World Health Organization. WHO traditional
medicine strategy: 2014-2023. World Health
Organization. Available online: http://
www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/92455, 2013.
De Luca V., Salim V., Atsumi SM. and Yu F.
Mining the biodiversity of plants: a revolution in
the making. Science; 2012; 336: 1658–1661.
Ezeugwunne I.P., Chukwuma F.C., Ogbodo E.C.,
et al. Effect of Phyllantus amarus leaf extract
on serum lipid profile of alloxan-induced diabetic
albino rats in College of Health Sciences and
Technology, Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus,
Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of
Health Sciences and Research ;2018; 8(2):199-
Nwogor T.A., Ogbodo E.C., Amah U.K., et al.
The Effects of MoringaOleiferaIntake on
Plasma Glucose and Serum Lipid Concentrations
in Apparently Healthy Students of College of
Health Sciences, NnamdiAzikiwe University,
Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.
International Journal of Novel Research in Life
Sciences; 2-17; 4(4):89-99.
Ezeodili V.K., Ihim A.C., Ogbodo E.C., et al.
Effect of Cucumber consumption on serum lipid
profile and liver aspartate transaminase and
alanine transaminase in apparently healthy
RA Analike, IP Ezeugwunne, EC Ogbodo, et al.
undergraduate students. International Journal of
Basic, Applied and Innovative Research; 2017;
(2):38-45.
Ogbodo E.C., Ezeugwunne I.P., Analike R.A. et
al. Effect of Cucumber consumption on plasma
creatinine, urea, uric acid and glucose levels on
apparently healthy students of College of Health
Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi
Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. International
Journal of Basic Applied and Innovative
Research; 2017; 6(1):2-9.
Ogbodo E.C., Ezeugwunne I.P., Otuokwu B.C.,
et al. Effect of Sidacorymbosa leaf extract on
the serum lipid profile levels of alloxan-induced
diabetic albino wistar rats in College of Health
Sciences and Technology, NnamdiAzikiwe
University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State,
Nigeria. World Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research; 2018; 7(11):51-59.
Analike R.A., Ahaneku J.E., Njoku M.C., et al.
Effects of Tetracarpidium conophorum -
‘Nigerian Walnuts’ On Blood Lipids, Lipoproteins
and Glucose Values In Adult Nigerians (2017).
International Journal of Innovative Research and
Advanced Studies; 2017; 4(7):67-71.
Analike R.A. and Ahaneku J.E.. Effects of
Gongronema latifolium on blood lipids,
lipoproteins and glucose values in adult Nigerians.
International Journal of Research in Medical
Science; 2015; 3:891-895.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of
Medical Care in Diabetes – 2016. Diabetes
Care; 2016; 39 (Supplement1): S1-S112.
Ogbodo E.C., Okafor C.C., Ogah H.G.O., et al.
Thyroid Hormone Profiling and Enzymatic
Antioxidant Status in Diagnosis and Management
of Type-II-Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of
Literature. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Life Sciences; 2019; 5(12):06-21.
International Diabetes Federation: IDF Diabetes
Atlas; 8th edition. Belgium: International Diabetes
Federation, 2017.
Roth G.A., Abate D. and Abate K.H. Global,
regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality
for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and
territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for
the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.
Lancet; 2018; 392: 1736-1788.
WHO (World Health Organization). The World
Traditional Medicines Situation, in Traditional
medicines: Global Situation, Issues and
Challenges, Geneva, 2011; 3:1–14.
WHO Non-communicable diseases (NCD)
country profile. https://www.who.int/nmh/
countries/nga_en.pdf?ua=1 2018.
Oyekale K.O., Odutayo O.I., Esan E.B., et al.
Comparative studies on phytochemical and
proximate composition of four morphological
distinct segment of the conophor seedlings
(Tetracarpidum conopphorumHutch and
Dalziel). Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences;
; 3:91–100.
Edem C.A., Dosunmu I.M. and Bassey F.I.
Determination of proximate composition, ascorbic
acid and heavy metal content of African walnut
(Tetracarpidium conophorum). Pakistan
Journal of Nutrition; 2009; 8:225–226.
Ekwe C.C. and Ihemeje A. Evaluation of
physiochemical properties and preservation of
African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum).
Academic Research International; 2013;
(6):501–512.
Nwaichi E.O., Osuoha J.O. and Monanu M.O.
Nutraceutical potential of Tetracarpidium
conophorumand Buccholziacoriaceain dietinduced hyperlipidemia. Journal of Chemical
Health Risks; 2017; 7(3):157–170.
Chijoke O.C., Anosike C.A. and Ani C.C. Studies
on the phytochemical and nutritional properties
of Tetracarpidium conophorum(black walnut)
seeds. Journal of Global Bioscience 2015;
(2):1366–1372.
Kanu A.M., Kalu J.E., Okorie A.C., et al.
Evaluation of chelating ability of aqueous extract
of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African
walnut) in vitro. International Journal Applied
Research in Natural Products; 2015; 3(3):1–13.
Ojobo C.C., Anosik C.A. and Ani C.C. Studies
on the phytochemical and nutritional properties
of Tetracarpidiumconophorum (Black walnut)
seeds. Journal of Global Bioscience; 2015; 4(2):
–1372.
Nnodim J., Ndunelo C.D., Edward U. and
Nwanguma E. Effect of African Walnut
(Tetracarpidium Conophorum) on Lipid Profile
and Glucose Level in Albino Rats. Advancements
in Journal of Urology and Nephrology; 2020;
(1):37-40.
Edim E.H., Egomi U.G., Ekpo U.F. and Archibong
E.U. A review on Gongronema latifolium
(Utasi): A novel antibiotic against
Staphylococcus aureusrelated infections.
International Journal of Biochemistry and
Biotechnology; 2012; 1(8):204-208.
Morebise O., Fafunso M.A., Makinde J.M. and
Olajide O.A. Evaluation of the bioactivity of
Gongronema latifoliumleaf extract in rodents.
Science Focus; 2006; 11(1):27-30.
Owu D.U., Nwokocha C.R., Obembe A.O., et
al. Effect of Gongronema latifoliumethanol leaf
extract on gastric acid secretion and
cytoprotection in streptozocin-induced dia-betic
rats. West Indian Medical Journal; 2012;
(9):853-860.
Imo C. and Uhegbu F.O. Phytochemical Analysis
of Gongronema latifoliumBenth Leaf Using
Gas Chromatographic Flame Ionization Detector.
International Journal of Chemical and
Biomolecular Science; 2015; 1(2):60-68.
Balogun M.E., Besong E.E., Obimma J.N.,
Mbamalu O.S. and Djobissie S.F.A.
Gongronema Latifolium: A Phytochemical,
Nutritional and Pharmacological Review. Journal
of Physiology and Pharmacology Advances;
; 6(1): 811-824.
Egbung G., Atangwho I.J., Iwara I.A. and Eyong
U.E. Micronutrient and phytochemical
composition of root, bark and twig extracts of
Gongronema latifolium. Journal of Medicine
and Medical Sciences; 2011; 2(11): 1185-1188.
Eke I.G., Omoja V.U. and Echema C. Evaluation
of methanol extract of Gongronema
latifoliumleaves singly and in combination with
glibenclamide for anti-hyperglycemic effects in
alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Journal of
Intercultural Ethnopharmacology; 2014; 3(3):119-
Morebise O. A Review on Gongronema
latifolium, an Extremely Useful Plant with Great
Prospects. European Journal of Medicinal Plants;
; 10(1): 1-9.
Amadi L.O., Ngerebara N.N. and Okafor A.C.
Profilistic Study of Bioactivities of Extracts of
Gongronema latifoliumIncor-porated with Alum
on some Clinical Bacteria. International Current
Pharmaceutical Journal; 2018; 6(12): 92-98.
Okpala B. Benefits of Gongronema
latifolium(utazi). Global food book. Retrieved
May, 2021.
Usoh, I.F., Akpan, H.D. and Akpanyung, E.O.
Nephroprotection against streptozotocin diabetes
is more effective in combined than single leaves
extracts of Gongronema latifoliumand
Ocimumgratissimum L. Journal of innovations
in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences; 2016;
(1):001-016.
Edet E.E., Atangwho I.J., Akpanabiatu M.I., et
al. Effect of Gongronema latifoliumleaf extract
on some liver enzymes and protein levels in
diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; 2011;
(5):104-107.
Roeschlaw P., Bernt E. and Guber J.W. Clinical
Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry; 1974;12: 403.
Schettler G. and Nussel E. Determination of serum
total cholesterol by enzymatic, colorimetic test. Arb.
Med. Soz-MED. Prar.Med; 1975; 10: 25.
Assmann G. Determination of high density
lipoprotein cholesterol. Internist; 1979; 20: 559– 565.
Friedewald W.T., Levy R.I. and Fredrickson D.S.
Estimation of the concentration of low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of
the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical
Chemistry; 1972; 18:499-502.
Trinder, P. Enzymatic determination of glucose
in blood serum. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry;
; 6: 24.
Effiong G.S., Eshiet U.I. and Ajibola D.O. The
Effect of Gongronema latifoliumLeaf Extract
on Blood Biochemical Assay in Diabetic Rats.
Journal of Scientific Research and Reports; 2015;
(7): 514-522.
Okon I.A., Ufot U.F., Onoyeraye U.G.,
Nwachukwu E.O. and Owu, D.U. Effect of
Gongronema latifoliumon lipid profile, oral
glucose tolerance test and some hematological
parameters in fructose-induced hyperglycemia
in rats. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Research; 2019; 5(1): 25-31.
Ezealisiji K.M., Stanley C.N. and Ekanem E.S. .
Evaluation of anti-cholesterol activity of ethyl
acetate and n-hexane extracts of
Tetracarpidium conophorum(Mull. Arg.)
Hutch and Dalziel (African walnut) towards
hypercholesterolemic rats. International Journal
of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical
Research; 2016; 8(8):1372–1376.