چکیده
Otitis media (OM) continued to be one of the most common reasons for children to see a physician and annually requires billions of dollars in healthcare expenditures for treatment in USA. Despite the high incidence, its complex multifactorial pathogenesis is not yet understood and controversies continued on the role of immunobiological factors particularly cytokines and immunoglobulins in the aetiology or chronicity of otitis media. This review article discusses our research findings and reviews our knowledge up to date as found in published literature.
Keywords: Immunoglobulins, cytokines, otitis media, future
Résumé
L’otite media continue d’etre l’une des raisons les plus communes pour les enfants de rencontrer un médecin. A nos jours aux Etats Unis, des milliards de dollars sont dépensés en soins de santé pour le traitement. Malgré la grande incidence, sa pathogénèse multifactorielle complexe n’est pas encore comprise et les controverses/debats continuent sur le role des facteurs immunobiologiques particulièrement les cytokines et les immunoglobulines dans la sévérité de l’otite media.
Correspondence: Dr. O A. Lasisi, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: akeemlasisi@gmail.com
مراجع
Smirnova MG, Birchall JP and Pearson JP. The immunoregulatory and allergy-associated cytokines in the aetiology of the otitis media with effusion. Mediators of Inflammation 2004; 13: 75-88.
Juhn SK, Garvis WJ, Lees CJ, Le CT and Kim CS. Determining otitis media severity from middle ear fluid analysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1994;163: 43 - 45.
Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Kurs-Lasky M, Rockette HE and Bluestone CD, Otitis media in a population of black American and white American infants, 0—2 years of age. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1995; 33: 1-16.
Paradise JL, Rockette HE and Colborn DK. Otitis media in 2253 Pittsburgh-area infants: prevalence and risk factors during the first two years of life. Paed 1997; 99: 318 - 333.
Amusa YB, Ijadunola IK and Onayade OO. Epidemiology of otitis media in a local tropical African population. West Afr J Med. 2005; 24: 227- 230.
Lasisi OA and Ajuwon JA, Beliefs and perceptions of ear, nose and throat-related conditions among residents of a traditional community in Ibadan, Nigeria, Afr J Med Med Sci 2001; 31: 49 - 52.
Lasisi OA, Olayemi O, Tongo O, Arinola OG, Bakare RA and Omilabu SA. Cord blood immunobiology and the development of early suppurative otitis media. J Neonatal and Perinatal Med 2009; 2: 187-192.
Chantry CJ, Howard CR and Auinger P. Full breastfeeding duration and associated decrease in respiratory tract infection in US children. Pediatr 2006; 117: 425 - 432.
Rousset F, Garcia E, Defrance T, et al.. Interleukin 10 is a potent growth and differentiation factor for activated human B lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 1890 -/1893.
Defrance T, Vanbervliet B, Briere F, Durand I, Rousset F and Banchereau J.Interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta cooperate to induce anti-CD40-activated naive human B cells to secrete immunoglobulin A. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 671-/682.
Brown MA and Hural J. Functions of IL-4 and control of its expression.Crit Rev Immunol 1997; 17: 1-/32
Salvi S and Holgate ST. Could the airway epithelium play an important role in mucosal immunoglobulin A production? Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 1597 -1605.
Fiorentino DF, Zlotnik A, Vieira P, et al . IL-10 acts on the antigen presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells. J Immunol 1991; 146: 3444 -/3451.
D’Andrea A, Aste-Amezaga M, Valiante NM, Ma X, Kubin M and Trinchieri G. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits human lymphocyte interferon gammaproduction by suppressing natural killer cellstimulatory factor/IL-12 synthesis in accessory cells. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 1041 -/1048.
Lang RW, Liu YS, Lim DJ and Birck HG. Antimicrobial factors and bacterial correlation in chronic otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85: 145 -/151.
Liu YS, Lim DJ, Lang RW and Birck HG. Chronic middle ear effusions. Immunochemical and bacteriological investigations. Arch Otolaryngol 1975; 101: 278 -/286.
Jones EA Jr,, Thomas LR and Davis NC. The significance of secretory IgA in middle ear fluid. Ann Allergy 1979; 42: 236-/240.
Lewis DM, Schram JL, Lim DJ, Birck HG and Gleich G. Immunoglobulin E in chronic middle ear effusions: comparison of RIST, PRIST, and RIA techniques. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1978;87: 197-/201.
Yamanaka N, Somekawa Y, Suzuki T and Kataura A. Immunologic and cytologic studies in otitis media with effusion. Acta Otolaryngol 1987; 104: 481-/486.
Yamanaka N, Somekawa Y, Himi T, Suzuki T and Kataura A. Immune complexes in otitis media with effusion. Auris Nasus Larynx 1985 Suppl 1;12: 70 -/72.
Lewis DM, Schram JL, Birck HG and Lim DJ. Antibody activity in otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1979; 88: 392 -/396.
Takada R, Harabuchi Y, Himi T and Kataura A. Antibodies specific to outer membrane antigens of Moraxella catarrhalis in sera and middle ear effusions from children with otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1998; 46: 185 -/195.
Stenfors LE and Raisanen S. Secretory IgA- and IgG-coated bacteria in chronically discharging ears. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105: 515 -/517.
Stenfors LE, Raisanen S. Immunoglobulin-coated bacteria in effusions from secretory and chronic suppurative otitis media. Am J Otolaryngol 1991; 12: 161 -/164.
Yamaguchi T, Urasawa T and Kataura A. Secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies to respiratory viruses in middle ear effusion of chronic otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984; 93:73-75.
Lasisi OA, Arinola OG and Bakare RA. Serum and middle ear immunoglobulins in suppurative otitis media. ORL J. Otolaryngol and Relat Spec 2008; 70: 389 - 392
Lasisi OA and Olatubosun G. Arinola: Secretory Immunoglobulin A In Suppurative Otitis Media. The Internet Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatology. 2008. Volume 8 Number 2.
Bernstein JM and Doyle WJ. Role of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in otitis media with effusion: pathophysiologic considerations. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1994; 163: 15-19.
Lim DJ, Liu YS, Schram J and Birck HG. Immunoglobulin E in chronic middle ear effusions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976; 85: 117-/123.
Ogra PL. Summary: recent developments in the immunology of otitis media. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 ; 830:158-165.
Farrar MA and Schreiber RD. The molecular cell biology of interferon-gamma and its receptor. Ann Rev Immunol 1993; 11: 571- 611.
Faden H. The microbiologic and immunologic basis for recurrent otitis media in children. European Journal of Pediatrics 2001;160,7: 407-413.
Yellon R.F, Leonard G, Marucha P.T. et al. Characteristics of cytokines present in middle ear effusions. Laryngoscope 1991,101: 165-169.
Nassif P.S, Simpson S.Q, Izzo A.A. et al. Interleukin-8 concentration predicts the neutrophil count in middle ear Effusion Laryngoscope 1997, 107: 1223-1227.
Hotomi M, Samukawa T and Yamanaka N. Inter-leukin 8 in otitis media with effusion. Acta Otolaryngol. (Stokh.)1994; 114: 406-409.
Storgaard M, Larsen K, Blegvad S, Nodgaard H, Ovesen T, Andersen PL and Obel N. Inter-leukin-8 and chemotactic activity of middle ear effusions. J. Infect. Dis. 1997; 175: 474-477
FitzGerald JE, Green GG, Stafford FW, Birchall JP and Pearson JP. Characterisation of human middle ear mucus glycoprotein in chronic secretory otitis media (CSOM). Clin. Chim. Acta 1987; 169:281-297.
D’Andrea A, Ma X, Aste-Amezaga M, Paganin C, and Trinchieri G. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of interleukin (IL-4) and IL-13 on the production of cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Prming for IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor alpha production J. Exp. med. 1995; 181(2): 537-546.
Ho AS and Moore KW. Interleukin-10 and its receptor. Ther Immunol 1994; 1: 173 -/185.
Rousset F, Peyrol S, Garcia E, Vezzio N., Andujar M; Grimand J.A and Banchereau J. Long-term cultured CD 40-activated Brtynphocytes differentiate into plasma cells in response to IL-10 but not IL-4. Int. Immunol 1995; 7 (8) 1243-1253.
Trinchieri G, Matsumoto-Kobayashi M, Clark SC, Seehra J, London L, Perussia B. Response of resting human peripheral blood natural killer cells to interleukin 2. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 1147 -/1169.
Baccarini M, Schwinzer R and Lohmann-Matthes ML. Effect of human recombinant IL-2 on murine macrophage precursors. Involvement of a receptor distinct from the p55 (Tac) protein. J Immunol 1989; 142: 118 -/125.
Lasisi OA, Olayemi O and Arinola OG. Interferon gamma in suppurative otitis media – Significance in the nature of otorrhoea and outcome of disease. J Laryngol Otol 2009. In Press.
Barenkamp S, Ogra PL, Bakaletz LO, Chonmaitree T, Heikinen T, Hurst DS, Kawauchi J, Kurono Y, Leiberman A, Murphy TF, Patel JA, Sih TM, St Geme JW and Stenfors L. Advances in otitis media Microbiology and immunology 2001; 5: 60 - 85.
Homoe P, Christensen RB and Bretlau P. Acute otitis media and sociomedical risk factors among unselected children in Greenland.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999; 49: 37- 52.
Derebery MJ and Berliner KI. Allergic eustachian tube dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Otol 1997, 18: 160 - 165.
Rovers MM, Numans ME, Langenbach E, Grobbee DE, Verheij TJ and Schilder AG. Is ‘pacifier use a risk factor for acute otitis media? A dynamic cohort study. Fam Pract. 2008; 25: 233 - 236.
Mandel EM, Doyle WJ, Winther B and Alper CM. The incidence, prevalence and burden of OM in unselected children aged 1-8 years followed by weekly otoscopy through the “common cold” season. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008; 72: 491- 499.
Hurst DS, Amin K, Seveus L and Venge P. Mast cells and tryptase in the middle ear of children with otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999; 49: S315 – S319.
Mogi G and Suzuki M. The role of IgE-mediated immunity in otitis media: fact or fiction? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 830: 61- 69.
Watanabe T, Kawauchi H, Fujiyoshi T and Mogi G. Distribution of mast cells in the tubotympanum of guinea pigs. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991; 100: 407 - 412.
Chantzi FM, Kafetzis DA, Bairamis T, et al. IgE sensitization, respiratory allergy symptoms, and heritability independently increase the risk of otitis media with effusion. Allergy 2006; 61:332 - 336.
Sloyer JL Jr,, Ploussard JH and Karr LJ. Otitis media in the young infant: an IgE-mediated disease? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1980; 89: 133 -/137.
Lim DJ and De Maria T.F. Immunobarriers of the tubotymparum. Acta Otolaryngol 1984; 103 (5-6) 355-362.
Lasisi OA, Arinola OG & Olayemi O. Role Of Elevated Immunoglobulin E Levels In Suppurative Otitis Media. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 2008; 28: 123 - 127.
Sobol SE, Ta ha R, Schloss MR, et al. Mechanisms of allergy: TH2 cytokine expression in atopic children with otitis media with effusion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110: 125 - 130.
Jang CH and Kim YH. Characterization of cytokines present in pediatric otitis media with effusion: comparison of allergy positive and negative. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2002; 66: 37-/40.
Moller P and Dalen H. Middle ear mucosa in cleft palate children. A scanning electron microscopic study. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1979; 360: 198 -/203.
Meyerhoff WL and Giebink GS. Panel discussion: pathogenesis of otitis media. Pathology and microbiology of otitis media. Laryngoscope 1982; 92: 273 -/277.
Tanaka K, Saito J, Ohashi M and Terayama Y. Histopathology of otitis media with effusion. An electron microscopic study of human temporal bones. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1986; 243: 269 -/273.
Goycoolea MV. Gland formation in otitis media. An ultrastructural study in humans. Acta Otolaryngol 2001; 121: 182 -/184.
Tos M, Caye-Thomasen P. Mucous glands in the middle ear*/what is known and what is not. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2002; 64: 86 -/94.
FitzGerald JE, Green GG, Birchall JP and Pearson JP. Rheologic studies on middle ear effusions and their mucus glycoproteins. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115: 462 -/468.
Carrie S, Hutton DA, Birchall JP, Green GG and Pearson JP. Otitis media with effusion: components which contribute to the viscous properties. Acta Otolaryngol 1992; 112: 504 -/511.
Lin J, Tsuprun V, Kawano H, et al . Characterization of mucins in human middle ear and Eustachian tube. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 280: L1157 -/L1167.
Hutton DA, Fogg FJ, Murty G, Birchall JP and Pearson JP. Preliminary characterization of mucin from effusions of cleft palate patients.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 109: 1000 -/1006.
Hutton DA, Fogg FJ, Kubba H, Birchall JP and Pearson JP. Heterogeneity in the protein cores of mucins isolated from human middle ear effusions: evidence for expression of different mucin gene products. Glycoconj J 1998; 15: 283 -/291.
Sone M, Paparella MM, Schachern PA, Morizono N, Le CT and Lin J. Expression of glycoconjugates in human eustachian tubes with otitis media. Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 1474 -/1479.
Takeuchi K, Yagawa M, Ishinaga H, Kishioka C, Harada T and MajimaY. Mucin gene expression in the effusions of otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2003; 67: 53 -/58.
Hutton DA, Guo L, Birchall JP, Severn TL and Pearson JP. MUC5B expression in middle ear mucosal glands. Biochem Soc Trans 1998; 26: S117.
Kawano H, Paparella MM, Ho SB, et al . Identification of MUC5B mucin gene in human middle ear with chronic otitis media. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 668 -/673.
Smirnova MG, Birchall JP and Pearson JP. In vitro study of IL-8 and goblet cells: possible role of IL-8 in the aetiology of otitis media with effusion. Acta Oto-Laryngol 2002; 122: 146 -/152.
Smirnova MG, Kiselev SL, Birchall JP, Pearson JP. Up-regulation of mucin secretion in HT29-MTX cells by the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a and IL-6. Eur Cytokine Network 2001; 12:119 - 125.
Lasisi OA. The Role of retinol in the aetiology and outcome of suppurative otitis media. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck 2009; 266: 647-652.
Costerton JW, Stewart PS and Greenberg EP. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999; 284:1318 -1322.
Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies DG and Costerton JW. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol 2002; 56:187- 209.
Costerton W, Veeh R, Shirtliff M, et al. The application of biofilm science to the study and control of chronic bacterial infections. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:1466 -1477.
Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton JW and Stoodley P. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004; 2: 95-108.
Rayner MG, Zhang Y, Gorry MC, et al. Evidence of bacterial metabolic activity in culture-negative otitis media with effusion.JAMA 1998; 279: 296 - 299.
Ehrlich GD, Veeh R, Wang X, et al. Mucosal biofilm formation in middle-ear mucosa in the chinchilla model of otitis media. JAMA 2002; 287: 1710 - 1715.
Hall-Stoodley L, Hu FZ, Gieseke A, et al. Direct detection of bacterial biofilms on the middle-ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media. JAMA 2006; 296: 202 - 211.
Harabuchi Y, Faden H, Yamanaka N, et al. Nasopharyngeal colonization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and recurrent otitis media. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 862 - 866.
Malaty J and Antonelli PJ. Effect of blood and mucus on tympanostomy tube biofilm formation. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 867 - 870.