Comparative Effects of Fucoidan and Papain on Biliary Flow Rate and Electrolytes in Wistar Rats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54548/Abstract
Papain and Fucoidan are extracted enzymes that have gained recognition across food industry, pharmaceutical and digestive applications, but their comparative effects on Biliary flow rate and electrolytes are not known. Hence, this study compared the effects of papain and fucoidan on Biliary flow rate and electrolytes. Twenty (20) male albino Wistar rats weighing between 100g and 150g were divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each as follows: Group I (Control group) were administered normal saline and had access to food and water ad libitum. Group II (Papain group) were administered with 800mg/kg body weight of the stock solution of papain and were allowed free access to food and water. Group III (Fucoidan group) was given 800mg/kg body weight of the stock solution of fucoidan plus food and water. Group IV (Metoclopramide group) was administered with 30mg/kg body weight of Metoclopramide stock solution plus food and water ad libitum. The administration lasted for a duration of 28 days. Bile was collected from the liver (hepatic duct) and was analyzed for bile flow rate and its composition. The results showed that papain significantly increased biliary sodium and chloride, reduced bicarbonate levels, and had no significant effect on bile flow rate compared to the control group. Fucoidan significant effect on Biliary sodium, chloride and bile flow rate when compared to the control group. These results conclude that the two compounds have regulatory, but not stimulatory effects on biliary secretion, which proves their hepatoprotective and stabilising effects.
Keywords: fucoidan, Papain, bile flow rate, biliary electrolyte.
Short running title: Modulation of Fucoidan and Papain on Biliary Parameter.
Literaturhinweise
Apostolova, E., Lukova, P., Baldzhieva, A., Katsarov, P., Nikolova, M., Iliev, I. & Kokova, V. (2020). Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of fucoidan: A review. Polymers, 12(10), 2338.
Aruna, V., Chandrakala, V., Angajala, G., & Nagarajan, E. R. (2023). Proteases: An overview on its recent industrial developments and current scenario in the revolution of biocatalysis. Materials Today: Proceedings, 92, 565-573.
Babalola, B. A., Akinwande, A. I., Otunba, A. A., Adebami, G. E., Babalola, O., & Nwufo, C. (2024). Therapeutic benefits of Carica papaya: A review on its pharmacological activities and characterization of papain. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 17(1), 105369.
Barbosa, A. I., Coutinho, A. J., Costa Lima, S. A., & Reis, S. (2019). Marine polysaccharides in pharmaceutical applications: Fucoidan and chitosan as key players in the drug delivery match field. Marine Drugs, 17(12), 654.
Bhatia, S., & Bhatia, S. (2018). Introduction to enzymes and their applications. Introduction to pharmaceutical biotechnology, 2(4), 1-29.
Čepelak, I., Dodig, S., & Pavić, I. (2025). Bilirubin–new insights into an old molecule. Biochemia Medica, 35(2), 172-185.
Choudhary, R., Kaushik, R., Chawla, P., & Manna, S. (2025). Exploring the extraction, functional properties, and industrial applications of papain from Carica papaya. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 105(3), 1533-1545.
Di Ciaula, A., & Portincasa, P. (2018). Recent advances in understanding and managing cholesterol gallstones. F1000Research, 7, F1000-Faculty.
Dzulkifli, F. A., Mashor, M. Y., & Khalid, K. (2018). Methods for determining bilirubin level in neonatal jaundice screening and monitoring: A literature review. J. Eng. Res. Educ, 10, 1-10.
Enright, E. F., Joyce, S. A., Gahan, C. G., & Taylor, L. S. (2020). Impact of phospholipid digests and bile acid pool variations on the crystallization of atazanavir from supersaturated solutions. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 153, 68-83.
Forrester, R. L., Wataji, L. J., Silverman, D. A., & Pierre, K. J. (1976). Enzymatic method for determination of CO2 in serum. Clinical chemistry, 22(2), 243-245.
Hwang, J., Yadav, D., Lee, P. C., & Jin, J. O. (2022). Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from marine algae for treating cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation. Phytotherapy Research, 36(2), 761-777.
Kellis, Jr J. T & Lad R. (2016). BASIC PRINCIPLES Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are found both inside and outside of cells, and these fascinating molecules dramatically accelerate chemical reactions, often by many orders of magnitude compared to the uncatalyzed reaction. Enzymes are. Biotechnology in Personal Care. .
Kim, D. Y., & Shin, W. S. (2015). Unique characteristics of self-assembly of bovine serum albumin and fucoidan, an anionic sulfated polysaccharide, under various aqueous environments. Food Hydrocolloids, 44, 471-477.
Kong, Y. R., Jong, Y. X., Balakrishnan, M., Bok, Z. K., Weng, J. K. K., Tay, K. C. & Khaw, K. Y. (2021). Beneficial role of Carica papaya extracts and phytochemicals on oxidative stress and related diseases: a mini review. Biology, 10(4), 287.
Kopplin, G., Rokstad, A. M., Mélida, H., Bulone, V., Skjåk-Bræk, G., & Aachmann, F. L. (2018). Structural characterization of fucoidan from Laminaria hyperborea: Assessment of coagulation and inflammatory properties and their structure–function relationship. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 1(6), 1880-1892.
Lapuente Salinas, E. (2021). Papain extraction from papaya and determination of the enzyme activity.
López-Pedrouso, M., Borrajo, P., Pateiro, M., Lorenzo, J. M., & Franco, D. (2020). Antioxidant activity and peptidomic analysis of porcine liver hydrolysates using alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme and papain enzymes. Food Research International, 137, 109389.
Malek, K., Norazan, M., Ramaness, P., Othman, N. Z., Malek, R., Aziz, R., & El Enshasy, H. (2016). Cysteine Proteases from Carica papaya: An important enzyme group of many industrial applications. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 11(2), 11-16.
Moghimipour, E., Ameri, A., & Handali, S. (2015). Absorption-enhancing effects of bile salts. Molecules, 20(8), 14451-14473.
Mohd Azmi, S. I., Kumar, P., Sharma, N., Sazili, A. Q., Lee, S. J., & Ismail-Fitry, M. R. (2023). Application of plant proteases in meat tenderization: Recent trends and future prospects. Foods, 12(6), 1336.
Moini, J., & Ferdowsi, K. (2024). Digestion, absorption, and metabolism. In Handbook of Nutritional Disorders (pp. 18-42). CRC Press.
Naveed, M., Nadeem, F., Mehmood, T., Bilal, M., Anwar, Z., & Amjad, F. (2021). Protease—a versatile and ecofriendly biocatalyst with multi-industrial applications: an updated review. Catalysis Letters, 151(2), 307-323.
Omar, S. Y., Kacar, E., Mustafa, D., & Omer, R. (2024). Effects of Metoclopramide and Hyoscine-N-Butyl Bromide on Motility of Duodenum in Male Rats and Quantum Computational Analysis. El-Cezeri, 11(3), 223-233.
Pal, S., Qureshi, A., & Purohit, H. J. (2018). Intercepting signalling mechanism to control environmental biofouling. 3 Biotech, 8(8), 364.
Ponce, N. M., & Stortz, C. A. (2020). A comprehensive and comparative analysis of the fucoidan compositional data across the Phaeophyceae. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 556312.
Rahmani, A. H., & Aldebasi, Y. H. (2016). Potential role of carica papaya and their active constituents in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 8(1), 11-15.
Ray, E. C., Nickerson, A., Sheng, S., Carrisoza-Gaytan, R., Lam, T., Marciszyn, A., ... & Kleyman, T. R. (2024). Influence of proteolytic cleavage of ENaC’s γ subunit upon Na+ and K+ handling. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 326(6), F1066-F1077.
Saeed, M., ur Rahman, S., Shabbir, M. A., Khan, N., & Shakeel, A. (2017). Extraction and utilization of papaya extract as meat tenderizer and antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(01), 153-159.
Shumkovska, J., Krstanoski, L., & Veenman, L. (2020). Potential beneficial actions of fucoidan in brain and liver injury, disease, and intoxication—Potential implication of sirtuins. Marine drugs, 18(5), 242.
Stefaniak–Vidarsson, M. M., Gudjónsdóttir, M., Marteinsdottir, G., Sigurjonsson, O. E., & Kristbergsson, K. (2017). Evaluation of bioactivity of fucoidan from laminaria with in vitro human cell cultures (THP-1). Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 7(9), 688-701.
Usov, A. I., Bilan, M. I., Ustyuzhanina, N. E., & Nifantiev, N. E. (2022). Fucoidans of brown algae: Comparison of sulfated polysaccharides from Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum. Marine Drugs, 20(10), 638.
Unim, A. P., Godwin, G. C., Irene, O. E. A., Clement, O. O., & Gabriel, I. E. (2024). Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Effects of Aqueous Extract of Costus afer Leaves in Diabetic Wistar Rats. Pakistan Journal Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology, 57(2), 35-58.
Verma, S., Dixit, R., & Pandey, K. C. (2016). Cysteine proteases: modes of activation and future prospects as pharmacological targets. Frontiers in pharmacology, 7, 107.
Vickers, S., Duncan, C. A., Slaughter, D. E., Arison, B. H., Greber, T., Olah, T. V., & Vyas, K. P. (1998). Metabolism of MK-499, a class III antiarrhythmic agent, in rats and dogs. Drug metabolism and disposition, 26(5), 388-395.
Vilela, C., Silva, A. C., Domingues, E. M., Goncalves, G., Martins, M. A., Figueiredo, F. M. & Freire, C. S. (2020). Conductive polysaccharides-based proton-exchange membranes for fuel cell applications: The case of bacterial cellulose and fucoidan. Carbohydrate Polymers, 230, 115604.
Wang, H. H., Portincasa, P., Liu, M., & Wang, D. Q. H. (2023). Effects of biliary phospholipids on cholesterol crystallization and growth in gallstone formation. Advances in Therapy, 40(3), 743-768.
Wiszniewski, G., Jarmołowicz, S., Hassaan, M. S., Soaudy, M. R., Kamaszewski, M., Szudrowicz, H., & Siwicki, A. K. (2022). Beneficial effects of dietary papain supplementation in juvenile sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus): Growth, intestinal topography, digestive enzymes, antioxidant response, immune response, and response to a challenge test. Aquaculture Reports, 22, 100923.
Zayed, A., El-Aasr, M., Ibrahim, A. R. S., & Ulber, R. (2020). Fucoidan characterization: Determination of purity and physicochemical and chemical properties. Marine Drugs, 18(11), 571.
Zhang, B., Wang, J., Chen, X., Xue, T., Xin, J., Liu, Y. & Li, X. (2024). Laminaria japonica polysaccharide regulates fatty hepatosis through bile acids and gut microbiota in diabetes rat. Marine Biotechnology, 26(6), 1165-1178.
Zhao, X., Yang, T., Zhou, J., Chen, Y., Shen, Q., Zhang, J., & Qiu, Q. (2023). Fucoidan alleviates the hepatorenal syndrome through inhibition organic solute transporter α/β to reduce bile acids reabsorption. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, 5, 100159.
Downloads
Veröffentlicht
Ausgabe
Rubrik
Lizenz
Copyright (c) 2026 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International.
