Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
The Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research publishes scientific work in all areas of Pharmaceutical and life sciences, including (but not restricted to): medicinal plant research; herbal medicines and cosmetics; development of drugs and pharmaceuticals; quality assurance of drugs; safety and efficacy of drugs; pharmacy practice; veterinary pharmacy. The Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research is published twice yearly by the Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia
Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia
Manganese Chloride Attenuates Gut Dysmotility, Dysbiosis, and Ileal Bile Acid Malabsorption during Diabetes-Induced Cholesterol Gallstone in Swiss Mice
Background: Accumulation of bile acids (BA) from intestinal BA malabsorption causes gut dysmotility, leading to gut dysbiosis, which is evident in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus has been reported to facilitate progression of Cholesterol Gallstone (CGS) pathogenesis in patients. Objectives: Manganese Chloride (MnCl2) attenuates CGS formation but there is paucity of information regarding its activities on BA malabsorption during CGS formation in diabetic Swiss mice, which this study design investigated Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty female Swiss mice (n=20) were grouped into 7: I-normal control, II-untreated CGS, III-normal+0.37 mg/kg or IV-normal+0.74 mg/kg MnCl2, 5-CGS+0.37 mg/kg or VI-CGS+0.74 mg/kg MnCl2, and VII-CGS+75mg/kg aspirin. Alloxan-induced diabetic mice were fed with cholesterol-rich diets to induce CGS. Blood glucose level (BGL) was monitored and intestinal motility, fecal cholesterol, BA, biochemical analysis of excised ileum, total bacterial load of ileum homogenate and stool samples, ileum histopathology and morphometric evaluations were determined at 2 and 4-weeks. Data was analyzed using ANOVA, expressed as Mean±SEM and significant at p≤0.05. Results: Weekly BGL significantly decreased in CGS+MnCl2 groups. Intestinal motility significantly increased in normal and CGS+0.37mg/kg MnCl2 compared with untreated CGS groups at 2 and 4-weeks. Intestinal malondialdehyde, mast cell counts, and fecal BA levels were significantly decreased while nitric-oxide, mucin level, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, villi/crypt, villi absorption area and commensal bacteria were increased in CGS+MnCl2 compared with untreated CGS groups at 2 and 4-weeks. Conclusion: Manganese chloride attenuated diabetic induced cholesterol gallstone gut dysmotility through stimulated bile acid absorption, reduced intestinal mast cell count and pathogenic gut bacteria.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence, Pattern, and Socioeconomic Consequences of Menstrual Disorders Among Women of Reproductive Age in Ibadan, Nigeria
Background: Menstrual disorders, including dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, abnormal vaginal bleeding, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and menorrhagia, are major causes of gynaecological consultations and negatively affect women’s health and productivity. Despite their significance, evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence, pattern, and socioeconomic consequences of menstrual disorders among women of reproductive age in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 560 women attending three hospitals in Ibadan was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to summarise the findings. Associations were tested with Pearson’s chi-square and, logistic regression identified sociodemographic predictors and impacts of menstrual disorders. Statistical significance was set at ρ≤0.05. Results: A total of 89.0% of respondents reported at least one menstrual disorder. PMS was most prevalent (69.5%), followed by dysmenorrhoea (59.5%) and menorrhagia (13.6%). Although 84.5% reported regular cycles and 69.8% had 3–5 days of flow, pain from menstrual disorders disrupted daily activities in 61.4% and caused work absenteeism in 44.6%. Only 8.4% had ever been hospitalised, while 65.2% expressed reluctance towards menstruation. Being unmarried was significantly associated with lower odds of dysmenorrhoea compared to married women [AOR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.99]. Dysmenorrhoea was associated with lower odds of concentration disruption [AOR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.34–0.81] and approximately doubled the odds of work disability [AOR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.32–3.23]. Menorrhagia was significantly associated with increased odds of social isolation [AOR=2.50, 95% CI: 1.39–4.55]. Conclusion: Menstrual disorders are highly prevalent among women in Ibadan and substantially affect daily functioning, work productivity, and perceptions of menstruation. Targeted interventions are required to improve menstrual health and mitigate socioeconomic consequences.
Comparative Antibacterial Efficacy of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Acacia nilotica Fruit against Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a formidable public health threat, with the World Health Organization recognizing it as a high-priority pathogen demanding urgent global attention. Objectives: This study investigates the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Acacia nilotica fruit, a plant traditionally used in Northern Nigeria for treatment of infections. Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts was evaluated against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and reference strains using the agar well diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for susceptible strains were determined using the solid agar dilution method. Results: Both extracts demonstrated concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity, with the ethanol extract exhibiting superior efficacy. All tested MRSA clinical isolates and the reference strain were susceptible to both ethanol and aqueous extracts, each producing appreciable zones of inhibition. The zones of inhibition for the ethanol extract ranged from 21.0 to 35.5 mm, while those for the aqueous extract ranged from 20.5 to 32.0 mm. MIC values ranged from 1–4 mg/mL for ethanol extracts and 2–4 mg/mL for aqueous extracts. MBC values ranged from 2–8 mg/mL for ethanol extracts and 4–8 mg/mL for aqueous extracts. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Acacia nilotica fruit extracts, particularly the ethanol extract, possess significant antimicrobial potential and may serve as natural alternatives for managing MRSA infections. Further studies are warranted to isolate and characterize the active phytoconstituents, elucidate their mode of action, and evaluate their pharmaceutical potential in vivo.
Investigation of the Solubility Enhancement of Aceclofenac by Mixed Hydrotropes at Minimal Safe Concentrations
Background: Aceclofenac is categorized as a Class II drug under the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, which inherently exhibits low solubility and bioavailability. The drug's poor aqueous solubility significantly impedes its absorption. Hence, significant research efforts are directed toward various strategies to improve its aqueous solubility and dissolution. Various sophisticated formulation strategies have been developed to overcome this limitation. Among them is the hydrotropic solubilization technique, which offers a simple, promising and more biocompatible alternative that does not require chemical modification of hydrophobic drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the solubility-enhancing effect of individual hydrotropes on aceclofenac and to evaluate the solubility-enhancing effect of a mixed hydrotropic system. Methodology: Solutions of the drug were prepared in methanol to obtain the calibration curve, and the absorbance was read at λ ≈ 273.2. Hydrotropes (urea, sodium benzoate, and sodium citrate) of analytical grade were prepared at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10% w/v, respectively. The solubility enhancement of aceclofenac was determined using UV – Visible spectrophotometry. Blends containing the three hydrotropes were also analysed. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to investigate possible complexation of the drugs and hydrotropes. Results: The 10 %w/v sodium citrate hydrotrope gave the highest solubilizing effect (solubility enhancement ratio of 365.80). At 1 %w/v concentration of the mixed hydrotropes (urea, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate), the solubility enhancement ratio was found to be 102.49. The TLC and FT-IR studies showed no interactions between functional groups in the drugs and hydrotropes. Conclusion: The three hydrotropes investigated enhanced the aqueous solubility of aceclofenac. Mixed hydrotropes (urea, sodium citrate and sodium benzoate) at 1 % w/v gave the highest solubility enhancement ratio; thus suggesting that mixed hydrotropes are a preferred vehicle for the aqueous solubility enhancement of aceclofenac.
Prophylactic and Curative Effects of Citrus aurantifolia Peels Extract on Doxorubicin-Induced Ovarian Oxidative Stress and Histopathological Alterations in Female Wistar Rats
Background: Doxorubicin (DOX), a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used in treating various malignancies but is limited by its dose-dependent toxicity, particularly in reproductive organs. Ovarian toxicity resulting from DOX administration leads to oxidative stress, follicular atresia, and impaired fertility. Natural antioxidants from medicinal plants have been explored as protective agents against chemotherapy-induced organ damage. Citrus aurantifolia (lime) peel contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamin C, which possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the prophylactic and curative effects of Citrus aurantifolia peels extract (CAPE) on DOX-induced ovarian toxicity in female Wistar rats. Methods: Sixty female Wistar rats were divided into prophylactic and curative experimental models, each with six subgroups (n=5). CAPE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and a reference antioxidant, alpha lipoic acid {ALA}(150 mg/kg), were administered orally for seven days either before or after a single intraperitoneal dose of DOX (15 mg/kg). Ovarian tissues were evaluated for oxidative stress biomarkers, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and vitamin C and examined histologically. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: DOX administration significantly increased MDA levels while decreasing GSH, SOD, catalase, and vitamin C concentrations. CAPE markedly reversed these alterations in a dose-dependent manner, with the 400 mg/kg dose demonstrating comparable effects to alpha lipoic acid. Histopathological analysis revealed restoration of normal follicular structure, reduced edema, and improved ovarian morphology, especially in prophylactic groups. Conclusion: CAPE exhibited significant prophylactic and curative antioxidant and histoprotective effects against DOX-induced ovarian damage, suggesting its potential as a natural adjunct for preserving female fertility during chemotherapy.
Development of an Ion-Activated In Situ Gel System for Enhanced Ocular Delivery of Timolol Maleate
Background: Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease that requires twice daily administration of eye drops. This study aims to develop a novel ion-activated in situ gel (ISG) formulation for once daily ocular administration in the management of glaucoma. Materials and Method: Timolol maleate (TM) in situ gels, F1 to F12 were formulated using different concentrations and combinations of gellan gum (GG), sodium alginate (SA) and thermosensitive polymers of varying viscosities. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, gelling capacity, gelling temperature, drug content, rheological behavior, release kinetics, toxicity and irritability using the hen’s egg test- chorioallantoic membrane (HETCAM) assay. Results: All formulated ISGs were clear, colorless and free of particles. The pH of all formulations was between 5.27 and 6.81 which is within the acceptable range for comfort. The viscosity of the formulations at a shear rate of 100/s showed F1 (GG 0.2%, SA 0.5% w/v) had the lowest viscosity of 2 cp and F9 (GG 0.2% w/v, HPMC MV 0.6% w/v), had the highest viscosity of 202 cp at room temperature. Drug release studies showed sustained release of approximately 50% of the ISGs in 3 h compared to 30 mins for conventional TM solution. Conclusion: ISGs formulated with the right combination of ion-sensitive polymers can potentially increase the residence time of TM in the eye and improve patient adherence to therapy.
Antioxidant-Mediated Hepatoprotective Effects of Citrus aurantifolia Peels Extract in Doxorubicin-Induced Liver Injury: Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Assessment in Rats
Background: The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism and detoxification but remains highly susceptible to oxidative stress induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX). DOX promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and hepatocellular degeneration. Medicinal plants have attracted growing interest for their potential to alleviate oxidative damage. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant-mediated hepatoprotective effects of Citrus aurantifolia peels extract against doxorubicin-induced liver injury in rats, alongside assessing its acute and sub-acute toxicity profile. Method: Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies were carried out in accordance with OECD guidelines. Hepatotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal administration of DOX (15 mg/kg), followed by oral treatment with CAPE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) or alpha-lipoic acid (150 mg/kg) for seven days. Changes in body weight, hematological indices, and antioxidant markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and Vitamins C) were assessed. Liver tissues were also examined histologically. Results: CAPE was well tolerated up to 2000 mg/kg, indicating a broad safety margin. Repeated administration at 200–400 mg/kg caused no mortality or clinical signs of toxicity, though mild lethargy was observed at 800 mg/kg. CAPE significantly (p<0.05) decreased MDA levels while enhancing superoxide dismutase activities in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological findings showed remarkable improvement in hepatic architecture, comparable to alpha-lipoic acid treatment. Conclusion: Citrus aurantifolia peels extract exhibits strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects against DOX-induced oxidative liver injury, demonstrating safety and therapeutic potential for managing drug-related hepatotoxicity
Rheological and Pharmacological Evaluation of High-Strength Zingiber officinale Topical Ointments for Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Background: Zingiber officinale (ZO) is known for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties, but high-concentration topical formulations have not been well studied. This study evaluates how high extract loading affects rheological behavior and pharmacological activity. Objectives: This study formulated ZO ointments with varying high concentrations and evaluated the impact of composition on rheological properties, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory efficacy in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Dried ginger rhizomes were macerated in ethanol, and the extract was incorporated into ointment bases at 51.28% (formulation A), 41.03% (formulation B), and 30.77% (formulation C) w/w. Formulations were tested for physicochemical properties and efficacy using the hot-plate paw-lick and egg albumin-induced paw oedema assays. Rats received vehicle, methyl salicylate, or ZO extract (ZOE) ointments. Results: Higher extract concentrations had better ointment spreadability and appearance. All formulations showed pseudoplastic flow, with viscosity inversely related to extract content. ZOE ointments produced dose-dependent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, with formulation A having the most significant effects. Conclusion: Incorporating high concentrations of ZOE into topical ointments significantly enhanced both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory efficacy. Formulation A provided the optimal balance of superior pharmacological activity and desirable physical properties. These findings indicate that ZOE ointments with higher concentrations have the potential to relieve localized pain and inflammation.
Effect of Alpha-Amylase Hydrolysis on the Physicochemical Properties of Cissus Populnea Gum
Background: Intracellular gum extracted from the stem bark of Cissus populnea has potential applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. However, in its native form, the gum is associated with starch from the storage sites in the stem. Alpha amylase hydrolysis of the associated starch may improve the physicochemical properties and functions of the resultant gum. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of purification of the native gum extracted from the stem bark of Cissus populnea by hydrolysis of the associated starch using alpha amylase. Methods: Cissus populnea gum (CPG) was extracted by cold aqueous maceration and precipitated with 98% ethanol and dried in a hot air oven at 60°C for 1 h to obtain the native CPG. The polymer was further purified by introducing α-amylase enzyme with constant stirring at 70°C for 4 h to obtain the starch-free CPG. Both native and starch-free CPG were evaluated to elucidate the physicochemical properties. Results: The extraction yield of the native and starch-free CPG was 33.5 and 29.3%, respectively. Enzyme hydrolysis significantly improved viscosity, moisture content, and moisture sorption capacity, which were 20.03, 5.63, and 19.14, respectively (compared to the native CPG). The purity and flow properties of the hydrolysed CPG were higher than those of the native. Conclusion: The enzyme-hydrolysed Cissus populnea gum (CPG) exhibited improved physicochemical and flow properties, making it suitable for industrial and pharmaceutical applications in solid (tablets) and semi-solid (suspensions and emulsions) formulations.
The Effect of Particle Size on the Disintegrant Property of Manihot esculenta Starch in Directly Compressed Paracetamol Tablet Formulations
Background: Starch is one of the most widely used excipients in tablet formulations. The source and processing of starch can influence its properties. Objective: The study investigated the effect of particle size on the disintegrant ability of oven and spray-dried cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch in paracetamol tablet formulations. Methods: Cassava starch was isolated from its tubers and oven-dried following standard methods. Particle size ranges of 107-125 and 126-300 µm of the oven-dried isolated starch, commercial spray-dried cassava starch, and maize BP were used to produce five (5) batches of paracetamol powder blends that were evaluated for flow properties such as Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index, and angle of repose. Powder blends were compressed via direct compression into tablets and evaluated for weight uniformity, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution profiles. Results: The powder blends exhibited fair to poor flow with angles of repose between 37.93 and 47.84° and Carr’s indices greater than 20 %. All the tablets had uniform weights and were moderately hard (4.43-6.90 kgF) and highly friable (2.71-4.50 %). Tablets formulated with 126-300 µm of the isolated oven-dried starch had the fastest disintegration time while the corresponding tablets from spray-dried starch had the longest disintegration time. Drug release was higher from tablets formulated with oven-dried starch and similar to those with maize starch BP than those with spray-dried starch. Conclusion: The study revealed that particle size was critical to the disintegrant ability of Manihot esculenta starch in the formulated paracetamol tablets. Oven-dried starch of particle size range 126-300 µm produced rapidly disintegrating tablets.
Antimicrobial and Proximate Evaluative Studies of Persea americana (Mill.) Seeds
Background: The pulp of Persea americana (Mill.) fruit (avocado) has been reported to have several health benefits; however, the seed of the fruit is often discarded. Objective: This study evaluated the proximate parameters of P. americana Mill. seeds, as well as the chemical constituents and antibacterial activity of its ethyl acetate seed extract, to elucidate the nutritional and medicinal potentials of the seeds. Methods: Seeds from ripe avocado fruits were chopped into pieces, air-dried and pulverized into powder with the aid of a kitchen blender. Proximate analyses of the powdered seeds were carried out as described by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), while the antimicrobial studies of the ethyl acetate seed extract were evaluated against clinical isolates (E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. aerogenes, and B. subtilis) using agar-well diffusion and agar dilution methods. Chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate seed extract of the avocado seeds were elucidated using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy technique (GC-MS). Results: Proximate analysis of 1.0 g of powdered seeds revealed the presence of carbohydrate (76.91% ± 0.2682), crude protein (1.82% ± 0.0727), fat (6.23% ± 0.2333), fibre (2.53% ± 0.3179), moisture content (9.46% ± 0.036) and ash value (2.98% ± 0.5198) The ethyl acetate seed extract was oily and dark brown with a yield of 5.36% w/w. Antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract against test microorganisms showed inhibition zone diameters ranging from 20 to 42 mm. at concentrations of 100-400 mg/mL of crude extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration range was 6.25-25 mg/mL of extract against test bacteria. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract indicated the presence of 19 chemical components with ethanethioamide (23.54%), aziridine (16.21%), bicyclo-(3,1,1)-cis-vaccenic acid (15.51%) and propane nitrile (8.86%) as the most prominent known antimicrobial principles. Conclusion: The study showed that the powdered seeds of P. americana has carbohydrates, crude fibre, protein and fat. The ethyl acetate extract possesses antimicrobial constituents, thus justifying the possible use of these seeds in food and medicine for the benefit of man
Development and Evaluation of Chewable Ciprofloxacin Tablet with Modified Grewia Gum - Starch Diluent
Background: Chewable tablets improve drug bioavailability, but possess mechanical strength and friability challenges. Objective: To examine the impact of grewia-gum-modified corn starch on the mechanical and release properties of ciprofloxacin tablets. Methods: Blends of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 % grewia-gum in corn starch were sweetened with aspartame, kneaded, sieved, dried and labelled as A - E. Each blend was wet granulated with ciprofloxacin dosage constituents and tested for pre-compression properties. The granules were compressed to tablets, and the tablets evaluated for drug physicochemical and permeation properties. Results: Batch A demonstrated superior flow properties with flow rate > 10.28 g / s and angle of repose < 23.67 ̊. Batch E demonstrated the best model fit (R² = 0.9667), maximum compressibility (a = 0.4434), and highest compactability (b = 0.0053) in the Kawakita plot of densification values. All the test tablets showed good physicochemical properties with tensile strength of 4.50 to 8.57 MN/m², friability < 1 %, with Batch E showing the lowest friability (0. 11 %), disintegration time < 90 sec, indicating fast release, >80% dissolution in 20 min and < 24.6 % drug permeation in 360 min. Conclusion: The addition of Grewia gum reduced flow and improved compactibility of granules and improved tablet mechanical strength and disintegration time, and reduced tablet friability. These findings show the potential of grewia gum-modified corn starch to balance fast disintegration with mechanical strength in chewable tablet formulation, but also emphasize the importance of optimizing its concentration to balance flow and compressional properties.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Amodiaquine in Amodiaquine-containing Tablets
Background: Amodiaquine (AQ) is a medication on the World Health Organisation's List of Essential Medicines and is recommended for the treatment of malaria in combination with artesunate (ASAQ) or sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SPAQ) to reduce the risk of resistance. This study evaluated the amodiaquine potency of amodiaquine-containing formulations. Methods: Identity and potency were established using amodiaquine dihydrochloride dihydrate analytical reference standard. The amodiaquine content of each sample was measured by assessing its absorbance after dissolution and proper dilution in 0.1N HCl using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry (USP Monograph). Results: A total of ten co-blistered and fixed-dose combination amodiaquine-containing tablets were randomly collected and tested. The mean percentage amodiaquine content of the tablets was determined from the absorbance values at 223, 237 and 342 nm. All the samples were found to contain amodiaquine as one of the active pharmaceutical ingredients of the tablets. Validation tests indicate excellent linearity (correlation coefficient, r > 0.999), good precision (relative standard deviation (%), < 2), and accuracy [recovery (%) for AQ (100.16, 99.89 and 100.06); ASAQ (100.14, 100.12 and 100.14) and SPAQ (99.16, 100.11 and 99.21) at 223, 237 and 342 nm, respectively], of the method. The active amodiaquine % contents of the samples were evaluated and found to be in the range of 101.58 – 106.95%. Conclusion: All the samples passed the identification and potency tests based on the USP acceptance criteria of 93.0 – 107.0% and are of good quality with respect to the active amodiaquine content of the formulations.
Analysis of Organophosphate Residues in Oranges (Citrus Sinensis L.) from Selected Markets in Lagos State, Nigeria
Background: Pesticide residues in food pose health risks, prompting this study to determine organophosphate pesticide concentrations in oranges (Citrus sinensis) from Lagos State markets. Objective: This study aimed to determine the presence of organophosphate residues in oranges (Citrus sinensis L.) from selected markets in Lagos state, Nigeria, and to compare the detected levels with established Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). Method: Orange samples were collected from four markets in Lagos. Residues of twenty-two organophosphate pesticides were extracted using a modified QuEChERS protocol, purified through solid-phase extraction clean-up, and analyzed via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: The results showed that the presence of dimethoate, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, ethion, and malathion was detected in all samples, with mean concentrations between 0.0337 and 0.1617 mg/kg, while etrimfos, chlorfenvifos, triazophos, and azinfos-methyl were detected in some samples at concentrations between 0.0065 and 0.0753 mg/kg. Conclusion: Oranges from Lagos State markets contain organophosphate pesticide residues within limits, below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by regulatory agencies. Continuous monitoring is necessary to ensure consumer safety and maintain acceptable residue levels, preventing potential health risks associated with pesticide exposure.
Enhancement of Naproxen Solubility via Solid Dispersion Using Ipomoea Batatas Starch – Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Polymer Blends and Polysorbate 80
Background: Naproxen’s poor aqueous solubility limits its oral bioavailability, posing formulation challenges. This study aimed to improve its solubility by formulating a ternary solid dispersion (SD) using blends of Ipomoea batatas starch (PS) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), including polysorbate 80 as surfactant. Materials and Methods: The flow property of PS was assessed by Carr's index (CI) and Hausner’s ratio (HR). Naproxen SD was prepared via solvent evaporation using varying drug/polymer ratios. The SD with the highest aqueous solubility was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Tablets of both optimum SD (T6) and pure naproxen (TN) were prepared by direct compression and assessed for friability, hardness, dissolution and weight uniformity. Results: Potato starch had a Hausner’s ratio of 1.17 ± 0.01, indicating good flow. The highest aqueous solubility was observed for a drug/polymer ratio of 1:4, with the PS/HPMC ratio being 1:3 (S6). Polysorbate 80 increased solubility by up to four times. SEM micrographs of the SD showed no trace of naproxen, suggesting a loss of the drug's crystalline structure, while DSC confirmed decreased crystallinity. FTIR spectra showed that the structure of naproxen was not altered by the solid dispersion. The optimal SD tablets met acceptable standards. The T50 drug release time was 9 minutes, compared to 29 minutes for TN. There was synergism between PS and HPMC in enhancing naproxen solubility, which was further improved by the addition of polysorbate 80. Conclusion: Naproxen's solubility in solid dispersion improved due to polymer blending and was further improved by the addition of polysorbate 80 as a surfactant.
ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC AND HEAVY METAL RESIDUES IN CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (AFRICAN CATFISH)
Background: Pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics and heavy metals, are emerging contaminants in many African countries affecting all facets of life as a result of indiscriminate disposal. Objectives: This study evaluates the presence and potential health risks of pharmaceuticals in catfish from western Nigeria. Material and Methods: Ten Fish samples were collected from local markets and aquaculture farms. Antibiotic and heavy metal residues were analysed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) respectively. Results: Seven antibiotics were tested: Trimethoprim (TM), Tetracycline (TC), Ciprofloxacin (CP), Sulfamethoxazole (SZ), Enrofloxacin (EN), Metronidazole (MT), and Ampicillin (AP). TM, TC, CP, SZ, EN, and AP were detected. TC was found at 0.2 µg/g, exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs). CP, SZ, EN, and AP averaged 0.1 µg/g, also above MRLs. TM was below MRLs at 0.05 µg/g, and MT was absent in all samples. On the other hand, the levels of Iron, Zinc, and Chromium present in all samples ranged from 6.0196 to 846.8667 mg/kg, 0.3985 to 579.4926 mg/kg and 0.2336 to 18.8947 mg/kg respectively, well above the EU’s maximum safe level of 5 mg/kg. Arsenic, Manganese Copper, Cobalt, Arsenic have concentrations below the maximum safe level. All samples were Lead (Pb)-free which conforms to the EU specification. Conclusion: The findings confirm that antibiotics and heavy metals are significant contaminants in catfish. This highlights the urgent need for legislation to control pharmaceutical waste, regulate antibiotic use in aquaculture, and implement stringent screening and monitoring measures to safeguard public and aquatic life.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EVALUATION OF FORMULATED HERBAL LOZENGES OF PAVETTA CRASSIPES AND ANOGEISSUS LEIOCARPUS LEAF EXTRACTS FOR TREATMENT OF COUGH
Background: Medicinal plants are a vital healthcare component, particularly in regions where access to conventional medicine is limited. The study aims is to formulate lozenges containing dried hydro-alcohol extracts of leaves of Pavetta crassipes and Anogeissus leiocarpus and evaluate their physico-mechanical properties, antimicrobial efficacy and cough-suppressing ability in laboratory mice. Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plants were evaluated for their pharmacological efficacy using ammonia-induced cough model in albino mice, antimicrobial susceptibility testing against selected microorganism and acute toxicity. Four batches of hard lozenges containing 0 % extract, 10 % of either extract and combination of both extracts at 5 % each were prepared and labelled L1, L2, L3, L4 respectively. The lozenges were evaluated for physico-mechanical properties. Pharmacological efficacy of the lozenges in cough suppression was determined in albino mice. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the lozenges was also evaluated against selected micro-organisms. Results: The lozenges had characteristic odor, sticky texture, and moderately sweet to moderately bitter taste. All the batches had uniform weights ranging between 1.43 and 1.68 g, hardness was between 15.98 and 25.24 kgF and friability was < 1 %. Moisture content was low (0.79 and 1.10 %) and dissolution time was between 9- and 11-min. Antimicrobial susceptibility was more significant with formulations L2 and L4 while cough suppression effect was most significant with L4 (88.61 %). Conclusion: This study presents a promising natural alternative for management of cough, potentially reducing the heavy reliance on synthetic drugs and offering a sustainable, culturally integrated approach to healthcare.
LOCAL PRODUCTION OF ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS (APIS) IN WEST AFRICA: A SURVEY OF STAKEHOLDERS’ PERCEPTION AND VIEWS
Background: The pharmaceutical sector in West Africa is faced by challenges due to limited domestic capacity for production of medicines and heavy reliance on imports. Local pharmaceutical manufacturers face challenges such as high cost of doing business, poor infrastructure, and lack of standardized equipment. This study aims to assess the perception towards local manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in West Africa and explore strategies to improve access to medicines and achieve self-reliance in the region. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst stakeholders that attended a conference targeted at improving local manufacturing of APIs in West Africa. Online and physical data were collected through the use of a validated questionnaire. Retrieved data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. Data were presented in form of tables, frequencies, percentages and chi square analysis was used for inferential statistics. Results: A total of 191 valid responses were received. Close to half (48.2%) of the stakeholders were female, majority of the study participants were between the ages of 18 and 40 years and were educated up to bachelor’s degree level (62.8% and 58.1% respectively). The majority of participants (85.5%) acknowledged significant gaps in access to medicines and essential pharmaceutical commodities in West Africa. Over two-thirds of the respondents (83.3%) believed that West Africa is suitable for cost-effective production of quality medicines and majority of them (83.0%) were willing to patronize locally manufactured APIs. Conclusion: Findings from this study identifies significant gaps with access to medicines and essential pharmaceutical commodities in the region and suggests the need for more strategic investments and policy action towards the promotion of local API production in the region.
BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF METRONIDAZOLE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN RATS
Background: Metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity is a recurring challenge in pharmacotherapy of susceptible infections, however pathological evidence and biomolecular involvement needs unravelling. Objectives: this study aims to gather neuropathologic evidence and determine biomolecular involvement in metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity. Methods: Twenty rats were assigned to 2 groups (n=10). Group 1 was given 5 mL/kg 0.5% Tween-80®, group 2 received 50 mg/kg metronidazole. The treatments were administered via oral gavage on a daily basis. On the fifteenth day, 5 rats from each group were sacrificed under halothane anesthesia, blood and the brains were excised for toxicological analysis. The remaining animals were treated for 28 days and euthanized on the 29th day and the same parameters assessed. Results: Histological distortions and hemorrhage occurred in the granular layer, loss of Purkinje fibres and congestion were seen in the Purkinje layer and over expression of neuron specific enolase occurred in the cerebellum of metronidazole treated rats. Reduced superoxide dismutase activity, increased malondialdehyde (brain homogenate) and reduced serum brain derived neurotrophic factor concentrations were recorded in metronidazole treated rats. Conclusion: Histological distortions in the granular and Purkinje layers of the cerebellar cortex, increased oxidative stress and reduced BDNF concentrations in treated rats are manifestations of metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity.
Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies of Methanol Root Bark Extract of Azanza Garckeana (F Hoffm.) Exell And Hillc. in Rats
Background: Plants are widely used for various medicinal purposes without careful consideration of potential adverse effects on the system. The fruit of Azanza garckeana is eaten as food, while the other parts are shown to have different medicinal uses and serve as treatments in managing several diseases and ailments throughout its geographical coverage. The study is a necessary/relevant addition in the ongoing efforts to increase awareness about the potential dangers of Azanza garckeana that is presently in use for multiple purposes without prior toxicity studies. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the sub-acute toxicity of the methanol root bark extract of A. garckeana (MEAG). Methods: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines (TG) 425 and 407 were followed for conducting acute oral toxicity and sub-acute toxicity study of MEAG, respectively. Results: In the overall acute toxicity test carried out on MEAG, there were no observed signs and symptoms of toxicity, morbidity or mortality and the LD50 was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg in the oral route of administration. Sub-acute toxicity study, revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in direct (conjugated) bilirubin at 400 and 800 mg/kg as well as in serum urea at 200 and 400 mg/kg in the MEAG treated groups respectively when compared to the control group. Also, histology of the rats’ organs such as liver, kidney, brain and the heart revealed some level of tissue damage such as, moderate hepatic and slight periportal necrosis, slight glomerular necrosis, as well as slight neuronal necrosis and slight myocardial necrosis, respectively. Conclusion: Prolonged administration of methanol root bark extract of Azanza garckeana appears to be toxic to Wistar rats.
Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth. Ameliorates Ketamine-Induced Positive, Negative, and Cognitive Symptoms of Psychosis through Down-regulation of Neuro-oxidative Damage in Mice
Background: Ethno-botanical investigations on Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth. revealed its application in the management of neurological disorders, including psychotic conditions. Objective: To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of the hydroethanol leaf extract of Xylopia parviflora (XPE) on the positive, negative, and cognitive manifestations of psychosis in mouse models. . Methods: Thirty mice were allocated into six groups (n=5). Treatments for each group are as follows: distilled water only (10 mL/kg; Grp A), distilled water + ketamine (50 mg/kg; Grp B), the extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; Grps C-E), and haloperidol (5 mg/kg; Grp F). One hour subsequent to the administration of the extract and haloperidol, all groups were administered ketamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce psychosis. These treatment regimens were repeated over a period of 21 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours following the final treatment, the mice underwent forced swim (FST), open field (OFT), and object recognition tests (ORT), during which relevant parameters were monitored for a duration of five minutes. Thereafter, the animals were euthanized via cervical dislocation, and their brain tissues were harvested for antioxidant analyses. Results: XPE (50-200 mg/kg) diminished the duration of immobility in the FST; enhanced the duration spent with the novel object and reduced the duration spent with the familiar object in the ORT; and diminished the frequency of section crossings in the OFT when compared with the distilled water + ketamine treated group. Furthermore, XPE increased antioxidant biomarkers in the brain. Conclusion: XPE ameliorates ketamine-induced symptoms of psychosis through the attenuation of oxidative stress.
Development of the Cream Formulation of Morinda lucida (Benth) Extracts and Evaluation of its Wound Healing Properties in an Animal Model
Background: Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) commonly known as brimstone has been used in ethnomedicine for wound healing. However, the presentation of this plant in a conventional dosage form for standard dosing and patient acceptance has not been done. Objectives: This study was designed to formulate the extracts into pharmaceutical cream and investigate its wound healing activity in animal model. Methods: Leaf ethanol (LE), Leaf aqueous (LAQ), stem-bark ethanol (SE) and stem-bark aqueous (SAQ) extracts of M. Lucida were prepared by maceration. Pharmaceutical creams were prepared by standard procedures using 10%w/w extract and assessed by pH, viscosity, extrudability and spreadability. Extracts and creams were evaluated in Wistar rats using incision and excision wound models. For incision, animals were euthanized after 14 days and wound site tissues collected for histology. Excision model was based on wound contraction, closure and epithelialization for 20 days. Results: The creams had acceptable pH, viscosity, extrudability and spreading times. Histology photomicrographs showed that LE, LAQ and 10% LE cream showed dense, well-arranged and well-positioned collagen, with moderate diffuse cellular dermis infiltration compared to controls. All extracts and cream formulations enhanced wound healing compared to their negative controls while leaf ethanol cream showed optimal activity in significantly (<0.05) reducing wound diameter compared to gentamycin as positive control. Conclusion: Morinda lucida extracts and cream formulations demonstrated significant (<0.05) wound-healing activity in-vivo, in comparison with negative controls and can be improved for translational outcomes.
Assessment of Nephroprotective Potentials of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle Peels Extract in Gentamicin-Induced Kidney Toxicity in Mice
Background: Peels from Citrus aurantifolia are used in ethnomedicine to cure a variety of illnesses. These extracts have been used traditionally as cold treatments, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agents, suggesting that they could be used in contemporary nephroprotective drugs. Objective: The objective of this investigation was to assess the nephroprotective properties of Citrus aurantifolia peels extract (CAPE) in gentamicin-induced kidney toxicity. Method: Dried Citrus aurantifolia peels were extracted with 80% methanol. Thirty mice were randomly assigned to six groups (Groups 1-6, n = 5). Group I received normal saline only (10 mL/kg; baseline), while Groups II, III, IV, V, and VI received gentamicin (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to induce kidney toxicity, with concomitant administration of normal saline (10 mL/kg), different doses of CAPE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), and ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg), respectively. Treatments were administered orally for 8 days. Twenty-four hours after the final dose, blood samples were collected, allowed to clot, and centrifuged to separate the serum for measuring urea, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Furthermore, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in kidney tissue were assessed. Results: The data indicated a decrease in tissue MDA, serum creatinine, urea, and BUN in the CAPE-treated groups. Moreover, the CAPE-treated groups exhibited elevated tissue CAT activity and higher GSH concentrations. Conclusion: The study concluded that CAPE displayed nephroprotective effects, which were possibly mediated via inhibition of oxidative stress.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Content in Erythrina senegalensis and their Human Health Risk Index
Background: The general use of herbal drugs is gaining wide popularity. Part of the quality attributes of a drug is its safety and efficacy, as these are important components of quality assurance in the production and use of drugs. The presence of heavy metals in herbal drugs can have severe health consequences. Therefore, there is need to evaluate the quality of plant materials used for therapeutic and drug development purposes. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the level of cadmium, lead, zinc, calcium, magnesium and nickel, and evaluate their health risk index in herbal plant, Erythrina senegalensis. Materials and Methods: The leaves of the plant were obtained from traditional medicine suppliers at the local market of Mushin, Lagos. The plant extract was digested using a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid in the ratio of 3:1. cadmium, lead, zinc, calcium, magnesium and nickel were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and health risk index was determined. Results: The results obtained showed that cadmium concentration (3.21 mg/kg) was above the permissive limit set by FAO/WHO. The health risk index (HRI) showed that cadmium (8504, 15765) and zinc (62.6617, 167.0977) values in adults and children were respectively greater than 1 which implies that users are considered to be at risk of various health complications that arise from the consumption of heavy metals beyond the required daily intake. Conclusion: This study highlights the concerning levels of cadmium and lead in the herbal plant, which pose potential health risks despite the presence of beneficial minerals like calcium and magnesium; and the presence of nickel and zinc at concentrations below the expected limits. The findings underscore the urgent need for stringent monitoring and regulation of heavy metal content in herbal products to ensure consumer safety.
The Combination Effect of the Active Fractions of Ficus mucuso Welw. Ex Ficalho and Standard Antibiotics against Selected Uropathogens
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a global health challenge, causing high mortality rates annually. With rising antimicrobial resistance, the search for effective alternatives has intensified. Medicinal plants serve as substitutes. Ficus mucuso Welw. Ex Fichalo has been purportedly used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of UTIs. Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of Ficus mucuso extract and fractions on UTI isolates and assess synergy with first-line antibiotics. Methods: Pulverized leaves of Ficus mucuso were extracted with methanol by cold maceration. The crude extract was partitioned into n- hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was carried out. Antioxidant activity of the plant was assessed. Antibiogram of clinical uropathogenic isolates and standard strains was determined using disc-diffusion method. The antimicrobial efficacy of plant extract was tested using agar-well diffusion. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the active fractions was by vacuum liquid chromatography. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined via microbroth dilution assay. Combination antimicrobial testing with ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanate was performed using checkerboard assay. Brine-shrimp assay was used to assess cytotoxicity of the plant. Results: The secondary metabolites detected; flavonoids (98.41mg/g), phenols (79.17mg/g) and tannins (27.26mg/g) were more abundant in the ethyl acetate fraction. The plant had appreciable antioxidant activity. Plant extracts and fractions had appreciable inhibitory activities against MDR bacteria with MIC and MBC ranges of 1.5625 to 12.5mg/mL 3.125 and 25mg/mL respectively. Combination testing indicated a synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin. Cytotoxicity assay yielded LC50 value of 31.30 µg/mL. Conclusion: Leaf extracts of Ficus mucuso have antimicrobial potentials which demonstrated enhanced synergistic activity against UTI organisms when combined with standard chemotherapeutics
Cobalt Modulates Healing of Gastric Ulceration in Male Wistar Rats: iNOS/COX-2 Crosstalk
Background: Information on the interplay between gastric iNOS and COX-2 expression by Cobalt (CoCl2) during gastro-protection is unclear. Objective: Cobalt activities on iNOS and COX-2 interplay was investigated using Reserpine (RGU), and Pyloric-ligation (PLGU) gastric ulcer models. Materials and Methods: In RGU, 50 Wistar rats grouped; 1-control, 2-ulcerated untreated (RUU), 3, 4, and 5 were ulcerated pre-treated with 62mg/kg, 25mg/kg CoCl2 and 3.6mg/kg omeprazole for 5 days and sacrificed 3 and 8 hours after reserpine administration. In PLGU, 25 Wistar rats grouped; A-25mg/kg Cocl2, B-62mg/kg Cocl2, C-Cimetidine (36.88mg/kg), D-ulcerated untreated (UU), and E–control, were pretreated for 8 days prior 18 hours pyloric-ligation. Thereafter, macroscopic gastric ulceration (GU), biochemical analysis with histology, and immunohistochemistry were evaluated on excised stomach. Data were expressed as Mean+SEM, and p<0.05 was significant. Results: In RGU model, significant increase in GU score, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and degranulated mast cells but a decrease in sulfhydryl, hydrogen peroxide levels in RUU by 3H and 8H were ameliorated by CoCl2. Histology revealed increased degranulated mast cells in the RUU compared with CoCl2-treated groups. CoCl2 treatment significantly decreased gastric acid secretion, ulcer index, parietal cell count, H+/K+ATPase and Na+/K+ATPase activities compared with UU. Gastric sulfhydryl, mucin, pepsin, with mucous cell count significantly increased in CoCl2-treated groups compared with UU. Gastric iNOS positive reactivity was upregulated while COX-2 positive reactivity was downregulated in CoCl2-treated groups compared with UU . Conclusion: Cobalt chloride exerted gastrointestinal cytoprotective action via mast cell stabilization, mucus production, with modulated expressions of gastric iNOS and COX-2 reactivity at the ulcerated site.
Formulation and Characterization of Stimuli-Responsive In Situ Gel For Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis
Background: The aim of this study is to develop an in-situ gelling system for the effective delivery and sustained-release of levofloxacin in the treatment of anterior corneal infections. Material and Methods: Sodium alginate (SA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were used to formulate in-situ gels (ISGs) with formulation codes F1-F12 and 0.5% levofloxacin solution was used as a control. The formulations were evaluated for clarity, pH, gelling capacity, drug content and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. The irritability and toxicity of select formulations were assessed using the Hen’s Egg Test, Chorioallantoic Membrane (HETCAM) assay. Results: The formulated ISGs were within pH range of 5.86 and 7.60. Formulation F7 (0.5% SA + 1.5% HPMC) had the highest gelling capacity and all ISGs had comparable activity against the tested organisms. Formulation F6 (1% HPMC + 1% SA) had the slowest release with approximately 60% release after 4 h, formulation F11 (1.5% HPMC + 2% SA) had the fastest release of 72% after 4 h while LVF solution (control) released 70% in 1 h. There was no significant (p = 0.101) change in the concentration of levofloxacin ISGs after storage at 25o C for 60 days and the HETCAM test confirmed the non-toxicity and non-irritability of the formulations. Conclusions: Levofloxacin in-situ gels formulated with SA and HPMC E5 LV are able to sustain the release of levofloxacin for 8 h and retain their effectiveness against relevant ocular bacterial infections.
Effect of Semi-Synthetic Bases and Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) Of Mixed Surfactants on In-Vitro Release Profile of Ibuprofen Suppositories
Background: The emphasis on the use of surfactants in enhancing drug release from fatty suppository bases has always been on the concentration and type of surfactants. However, the Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) of the surfactants added, the concentrations and the type of suppository base used have significant effects. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of HLB of incorporated mixed surfactants, the concentration, and the type of base used on the physical and release properties of Ibuprofen suppository formulations. Methodology: Ibuprofen suppositories (200mg) were prepared using Witepsol® H15, Suppocire® CM, Witepsol® W35, Witepsol® E85 semi-synthetic bases. Mixed surfactants (Span® 80 and Tween® 80) were added at 4 %w/w in varied ratios to give HLB values of 4.3 to 15.0, and at 2 and 6% w/w at optimum HLB. The suppositories' physical properties and release profiles were evaluated using established procedures. Results: The release followed Witepsol® W35>Witepsol® H15>Suppocire® CM>Witepsol® E85. Release from Suppocire® CM and Witepsol® E85 was favored at lipophilic HLB while release from Witepsol® W35 and Witepsol® H15 was favored at hydrophilic HLB. There was a general increase in the release of Ibuprofen with the increase in the concentration of mixed surfactants at the optimum HLBs. The release kinetics were majorly fitted for Higuchi’s kinetic model and followed Fickian and Non-Fickian (anomalous) drug transport mechanisms depending on the HLB of the mixed surfactants. Conclusions: The HLB, concentration of mixed surfactants, and the type of base greatly influenced the variation in the release profile of the Ibuprofen suppository.
Biofilm Inhibitory Activity of Nauclea latifolia, Ocimum gratissimum and Garcinia kola Extracts Against Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Background: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), a biofilm-forming E. coli pathotype, is recognized as one of foremost causes of diarrhea in children under five years old, traveller’s diarrhea and persistent diarrhea. Biofilm complicates treatment as it enhances the pathogen’s ability to undermine host immune responses, often resulting in emergence of resistant mutant. Objectives: In search for potential therapeutic leads against EAEC with less selection pressure, the study was designed to investigate selected medicinal plants for biofilm inhibitory activity against EAEC. Material and Methods: Pulverised dry plant materials of Nauclea latifolia (leaf), Ocimum gratissimum (leaf) and Garcinia kola (seed) were macerated in acetone for 24 hrs. The supernatants were concentrated at reduced pressure and dried in vacuo. Thereafter, varying concentrations (0.31-5.0 mg/mL) of the extracts were evaluated for growth and biofilm inhibitory activities against EAEC 042 strain using the crystal violet-based biofilm assay method. Biofilm inhibitory data were analysed using 2-way ANOVA, while the most bioactive of the extracts was profiled by phytochemical analysis. Results: Nauclea latifolia reproducibly inhibited biofilm formation by greater than 30% (defined biofilm inhibition cut-off) while inhibiting growth by under 10% (defined growth inhibition cut-off). The other two plants showed relatively weak biofilm inhibitory activities. Phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides. Conclusions: Nauclea latifolia exhibited good biofilm inhibitory activity against EAEC 042 strain with less selection pressure. The plant represents a potential source of novel antibiofilm compounds against enteroaggregative E. coli.
Impact Of Learning Management System In Pharmacy Education In Selected Universities In Southern Nigeria And Contributing Factors
Introduction: Information and communication technologies (ICT) continue to impact the learning landscape all over the world, particularly the use of learning management system (LMS.). The study assessed the impact of Learning Management System (LMS) in pharmacy education and explored factors influencing its adoption for learning in selected Universities in Southern Nigeria. Method: The study samples consist of 66 pharmacy lecturers and 779 undergraduate pharmacy students, drawn from four universities, by employing a multistage sampling method and primary data sources. The instruments employed were two sets of questionnaires, one for each of the lecturers and students. Collected data were summarised using descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, weighted averages (WA) and medians while inferential statistics namely independent samples t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed in answering research questions about variables at 5% level of significance. Results: The results show that the impacts of LMS in pharmacy education include improving educational outcome, for lecturers (80.8%; WA 2.7) and for students (55.5%; WA 2.2); promoting collaborative learning, for lecturers (76.9%; WA = 2.7), and among students (59.2%, WA 2.4) and promoting students’ independent learning, for lecturers (92.3%; WA 3.0) and for students (68.3%; WA 2.6)). Factors reported as important in adoption of LMS technology are institutional support for technology tools (84.9%, WA = 3.7), electricity availability (93.9%, WA = 3.8), price of technology (62.1%; WA = 3.4) and internet access (87.9%, WA=3.7). Conclusion: The study concludes that the impact of LMS technology in pharmacy education include promoting student’s independent learning, improving educational outcomes and promotion of collaborative learning among students; while the most important factors facilitating the adoption of technology for learning were electricity, availability of internet connectivity and institutional support for technology use.