Journal of African Association of Physiological Sciences
Journal of African Association of Physiological Sciences (JAAPS) is a bi-annual international journal and the official publication of African Association of Physiological Sciences. The aim of the Journal is to stimulate, publish and disseminate original investigations in various aspects of Physiological Sciences.
AFRICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Council of African Association of Physiological Sciences is pleased to announce the appointment of Professor Kennedy Erlwanger as the new Editor-in-Chief of Journal of African Association of Physiological Sciences. Kennedy will succeed Professor Anthony B. Ebeigbe on January 1, 2022. Contact: Professor Kennedy H. Erlwanger School of Physiology Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, SOUTH AFRICA Private bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa. Tel: +27 (0)11 717 2454 Email: Kennedy.Erlwanger@wits.ac.za
Assessment of the levels of serum parathyroid hormone in rural postmenopausal women in Zuturung district, Zangon Kataf Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
The physiological role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis and the maintenance of bone mass in humans has been elucidated by several authors. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate basal PTH levels in premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in Zuturung district, Kaduna state, Nigeria. One hundred and thirty-five subjects comprising of 38 premenopausal, 22 perimenopausal and 75 postmenopausal women were assessed. The subjects were selected based on some inclusion and exclusion criteria. After administering a questionnaire, anthropometrical parameters were determined using standard methods while five milliliters of blood were collected via venipuncture. The blood was transferred to plain bottles, centrifuged and serum PTH levels were determined using ELISA method at the Department of Chemical Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika. Results were presented as mean ± SD and data were analyzed using ANOVA with p<0.05 being considered as statistically significant. The study revealed that postmenopausal and perimenopausal women were more likely to be overweight (mean BMI 26.07±5.99 kg/m2, 26.42±7.27kg/m2 respectively) as compared with their premenopausal counterparts (25.18±3.48kg/m2); p<0.001. The postmenopausal and perimenopausal women also had a higher waist circumference (89.63±10.66cm, 92.19±11.91cm) as compared with the premenopausal women (83.73±8.00cm) p<0.001. Mean serum parathyroid hormone levels were slightly decreased among the postmenopausal subjects (2.25±1.88pg/ml) and perimenopausal (2.91±1.44pg/ml) as compared to the premenopausal subjects (3.38±3.48pg/ml) although not significant (p>0.05). These findings suggest a higher cardiovascular risk and lower mean serum parathyroid hormone in the postmenopausal women as compared with their premenopausal subjects. We recommend further studies in a larger sample, comparing with women in urban regions and determining serum cadmium levels in the subjects to identify if its toxicity is responsible for the pattern of serum parathyroid hormone levels observed.
Body mass index, Menopause, Northern Nigeria, Osteoporosis, Parathyroid hormone Waist circumference, Zuturung
omparative study of electrocardiogram among male hypertensive students attending University Health Services and normotensive students of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Background: Worldwide cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 17 million deaths annually, these complications. Hypertension is responsible for at least 9.4 million deaths every year globally. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple, convenient, economical, and suitable test for screening a relatively large population. The study was aimed at determining electrocardiographic patterns among male hypertensive students attending university health services and normotensive students of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 109 participants (18 – 53) years were recruited, among which were53 hypertensive and 56 non-hypertensive participants. Information on subject’s blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and electrocardiogram were recorded. Results: The result showed a significant higher mean age 35.60 ± 7.26 years, mean weight73.28 ± 12.06 kg, mean body mass index (BMI) 25.23 ± 5.56 kg/m2, mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) 141.17 ± 14.32 mmHg, mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 89.74 ± 7.36 mmHg and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) 107.27 ± 9.68 mmHg among hypertensive subjects as compared to control subjects. The calculated ECG of higher mean heart rate (HR) (73.96 ± 13.77), mean QTc interval (392.11 ± 22.56),mean T wave (281.43 ± 119.45), and lower mean QRS axis (39.79 ± 29.22) among hypertensive subjects as compared to control subjects and some of the ECG abnormalities that were detected include; sinus tachycardia (16%), sinus bradycardia (2%), atrial fibrillation (8%), left bundle branch block (2%), left axis deviation (8%), left ventricular hypertrophy (40%), ST elevation (2%), ST depression (12%) and T wave inversion (24%). Conclusion: This study shows that male hypertensive subjects of ABU Zaria had higher HR, QTc interval, T wave and lower QRS axis. Most frequently found ECG abnormalities were left ventricular hypertrophy, T wave inversion, ST depression, sinus tachycardia, left axis deviation and atrial fibrillation. The students should therefore routinely check the status of cardiovascular performance through electrocardiogram recording.
Hypertension, blood pressure; Electrocardiogram, Left Bundle Branch Block
Effects of shisha smoke inhalation on some long-term memory forms in adult male mice
Background: Shisha is a flavoured tobacco designed to be smoked in a water-pipe, but it effects on long-term memory has not been fully explored. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Shisha smoke inhalation on some long-term memory models in adult male BALB/c mice. Methods: Twenty male mice were divided into 4 groups of five mice each. Group I (control): fresh air; group II: exposed to bonged Shisha; group III: exposed to unbonged Shisha; group IV: exposed to activated charcoal smoke only. Each group was exposed for thirty minutes daily for seven weeks. Long-term memory was assessed using elevated plus maze (EPM), novel object recognition test (NORT) and Barnes maze (BM). Results: There was statistically significant decrease (P<0.05) in novel object recognition in bonged Shisha group when compared with the control. There was statistically significant increase (P<0.05) in spatial learning and memory in bonged Shisha group when compared with control. There was statistically significant decrease (P<0.05) in acetylcholinesterase activity in bonged Shisha group when compared with control, but there was no statistically significant difference in anxiety related spatial memory in elevated plus maze when compared with the control. There was also increased in necrosis of hippocampal cells in bonged Shisha group and slight necrosis in unbonged and activated charcoal smoke when compared to control mice. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study suggest that bonged Shisha smoke is neurotoxic to the brain because of combined effect of various toxicants emanating from different Shisha smoke constituents used in the set-up.
Shisha, Memory, Hippocampus, Acetylcholinesterase
Erythrocyte antigens as markers and risk factors for myeloid leukaemias in Nigerian subjects
Background: Erythrocyte antigens have long been associated with the aetiology and pathogenesis of several disease conditions including various cancers and some human behaviour. This study investigates the association of these antigens with myeloid leukaemias. Methods: This is a case-control study on subjects with age range of 6 to 67 years, undergoing management for the disease in our study facility at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. 24 cases of myeloid leukaemias comprising of 13 chronic myeloid leukaemias (CML) and 11 acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) were investigated with 25 apparently healthy, age and sex - matched subjects as control. Erythrocyte antigens such as A, B, O, RhD, RhC, Rhc, RhE, Rhe, Fya, Fyb, Jka and Jkb were determined on all subjects and controls. The absence of A and B antigens is represented as O. All the antigens were detected with standard serological methods. Statistical analyses were done using Graphpad Prism 8.0.1. Results: We recorded positive association of antigens D, e, Jka, O, E and C with the associated risk of development of CML in the order of D>>e>>Jka>>O>>E>>C (P<0.05, respectively) while antigens D, e, Jka, Fyb, E, O and A were positively associated with the risk of development of AML in the order D>>e>>Jka>>Fyb>>E>>O>>A (P<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: The antigens D, e, Jka, O, E, C implicated in this study can serve as risk factors for the development of CML while antigens D, e, Jk, Fyb, E, O, A could be risk factors for the development of AML or can contribute majorly to tumour aggression and therefore can be considered as markers for early diagnosis of the malignancies.
erythrocyte antigens, myeloid leukaemias, acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, case control
Corn silk (Stigma maydis) aqueous extract attenuates high-salt induced glucose dysregulation and cardiac dyslipidemia: Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activities
Background: Corn silk (Stigma maydis) is the long silky tuft of hairs from the female inflorescence of maize (Zea mays L) with rich antioxidant activity and free radicals scavenging capacity. High-salt diet on the other hand, has been shown to alter vascular and alter metabolic disorders. However, the exact ameliorating mechanism of corn silk (CS) effect is still being widely studied. This study examined the effect of aqueous corn silk extract on high saltinduced cardiac glucose and lipid dysmetabolism. Methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats (100-110g) were randomly selected into four groups (n=5) after a week of acclimatization and fed with rat chow (CTR), corn silk extract (CS; 500 mg/kg), high salt diet (HSD; 8%) and corn silk extract plus high salt feed (HSD; 8% + CS; 500 mg/kg) respectively for six weeks. At the end of the experimental procedure, each animal was anesthetized by exposure to chloroform vapor and blood samples collected by cardiac puncture. Data were analyzed and expressed as mean ± SEM and p-values < 0.05 were accepted as significant. Results: Corn silk extract resulted in attenuated plasma and cardiac glycogen production, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and total cholesterol associated with high-salt diet. However, the plasma level of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and nitric oxide was significantly elevated in CS groups compared with control. Corn silk extract also decreased fasting blood glucose, insulin, and glycogen synthase activity (P<0.05) in HSD-fed rats. Conclusion: It is noteworthy from our data that corn silk possesses antilipidemic and glucoregulatory properties associated with enhanced phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3K) activity, an insulin dependent signaling pathway and may form an important component of nutritional candidate for ameliorating cardiometabolic diseases.
Cardiac dysmetabolism, Corn silk, Glucose dysregulation, High-salt diet, Phosphoinositide 3- kinase
Antioxidant, hypolipidaemic and heptoprotective potentials of perinatal Thaumatococcus daniellii leaf supplemented diet in male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats
Background: Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth is one of the monocotyledonous herbs found in rain forests and coastal areas of West and Central Africa. This study investigated the antioxidant, hypolipidaemic and hepatoprotective roles of perinatal Thaumatococcus daniellii leaf supplemented diet in offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Twenty-four (24) pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were used and fed either a control diet or Thaumatococcus daniellii leaf supplemented diet (TDLSD). The dams were given TDLSD diet up to parturition (in-utero group, IUG), or from birth to post-natal day 21 (lactation group, LG) or for a period covering both, combined (CG). On postnatal day 90, blood sample was collected via retroorbital puncture to obtain serum sample for the determination of cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and hepatic lipase (HL). Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was investigated. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malonaldehyde (MDA) were investigated. Results: There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in CHOL, LDL, and HDL levels in LG and CG offspring while TG significantly (p<0.05) decreased in IUG, and CG compared with control. HL increased significantly (p<0.05), ALT, AST and ALP significantly decrease (p<0.05) while GSH, SOD and CAT upregulated in IUG, LG and CG compared with CONT. MDA downregulated(p<0.05) in IUG, LG and CG compared with CONT. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that perinatal Thaumatococcus daniellii leaf supplemented diet possesses antioxidant, lipid lowering and hepatoprotective potentials in offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats though it was observed that in-utero exposure produced more effect hence, it’s dependent on the window of exposure.
Catalase, Cholesterol, Perinatal, Daniellii thaumatococcus
Attenuated blood coagulation in wistar rats fed graded levels of a protein diet
Background: Blood coagulation (haemostasis) is a defense mechanism that helps to prevent the excessive loss of blood from damaged blood vessels by formation of a plug. The relationship between diet and blood coagulation has been studied over time. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the effect of consumption of high levels of casein and crayfish proteins on blood coagulation. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of consumption of graded levels of casein and crayfish proteins on blood coagulation in Wistar rats. Method: Graded levels of casein (milk protein) and crayfish (seafood) were incorporated in rat diet as sources of protein at 20%, 30% and 50% concentrations. At the end of the experimental period (28 days), Platelet Count, Bleeding Time, Clotting Time, Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, and Fibrinogen Concentration were evaluated. Standard data analytical software (Graphpad prism version 5.0) was used to analyze the data. Results: From the findings of this study, when compared with the control, platelet count and fibrinogen concentration were significantly reduced (p<0.05) at 50% concentration while clotting time, Prothrombin Time and and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time were elongated significantly (p<0.05) at 50% concentration; the elongation of the BT was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Consumption of high concentration of casein and crayfish proteins consistently over a period can attenuate blood coagulation and may predispose to excessive bleeding, with possible adverse cardiovascular consequences.
Attenuate, Coagulation, Casein, Crayfish
Route of exposure influences the cardiovascular effects of Cannabis sativa in salt-induced hypertensive male Wistar rats
Background: Exposre to Cannabis sativa (CS) has been suggested to exert ameliorative effects in hypertensive conditions. Using various exposure routes, this study investigated the likely cardiovascular protective effect of CS in high salt diet (HSD) induced hypertensive male Wistar rats. Methods: Exposure routes investigated include dietary incorporation (10%CS+90%HSD), ethanol extract of C. sativa intake (ECS, 3mg/kg p.o.), and inhalation of C. sativa fumes (1g/day/animal). GC-MS analysis of CS was evaluated, and forty animals were equally divided into 5 groups as follows; Group I (control) received normal diet, Groups II-V received HSD alone, CS+HSD, ECS+HSD, and CS fumes+HSD for 28days, respectively. Thereafter, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure, and electrocardiographic readings were assessed. Haematological analysis of retro-orbital sinus blood samples after light anaesthesia was also evaluated for full blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fibrinogen concentration, and blood viscosity. Aortic samples were harvested for histology. Resulte: The GC-MS showed Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin, Cannabidiol and Cannabinol, as prevalent in CS. The HSD only exhibited elevated (P<0.05) RBC, PCV, haemoglobin, MCV, platelets, WBC, neutrophil, blood viscosity, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure compared to control. CS exposure groups (III-V) exhibited reduced (P<0.05) RBC, PCV, haemoglobin, WBC, blood viscosity, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure compared to HSD only. However these values were elevated compared to control. ECG tracings seen in group II suggests myocardial electrical signal dysfunction while tracings in the CS exposure groups suggest partial amelioration of myocardial signalling pathways. Histology showed hypertension-induced aortic structural alterations that were not ameliorated by exposure to CS. Conclusion: Data obtained suggest that controlled exposure to Cannabis sativa either in diet, as ethanol extract or inhalation may mediate elevated blood pressure and impaired cardio-electrical signalling in salt (NaCl)- induced hypertension. However, hypertension-induced cardiac structural and vascular impairments are not ameliorated by exposure to Cannabis sativa
Hypertension, Cannabis sativa, blood pressure, aorta
The burden of cognitive impairment in Nigeria: perspectives and research prospects
Cognitive impairment represents deficits in memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgement. It is seen in Alzheimer’s dementia, vascular dementia, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and many other conditions. Cognitive impairment and dementia constitute a huge burden worldwide, with the majority of individuals coming from low- and middle-income countries including Nigeria. This paper reviews the existing studies regarding the prevalence and burden of these conditions in Nigeria, highlighting the dearth of comprehensive nation-wide studies that addresses the situation. The study also brings perspectives on research ideas and way forward towards improving access to healthcare services for people living with cognitive impairment and dementia.
Cognitive impairment, Dementia, Alzheimer, Dementia, memory loss
Maleficent effects of chronic tobacco Shisha smoke exposure on sperm DNA fragmentation, count, motility and morphology in adult male wistar rats
BACKGROUND: Currently there are no putative empirical data on the effect of Shisha smoking on sperm DNA integrity and some of the available data on the adverse effects of Shisha smoking on conventional semen characteristics: sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphology are contradictory. Despite the well-known deleterious reproductive effects of cigarette smoking, it is relatively unclear whether or not Shisha smoking has the same effect on male reproductive parameters. The present study was aimed at determining the effect of chronic Shisha smoke exposure on semen parameters and sperm DNA integrity in adult male Wistar rats. METHODS: Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats between the ages of 8-12 weeks, weighing between 160 -180 g were divided randomly into three groups containing 7 rats per group. Group I rats were kept for 30 minutes daily in the nose-only exposure chamber for a period 13 weeks without exposure to Shisha smoke; group II (with water in the Shisha jar) was exposed to bonged shisha smoke (BSS) and group III (without water in the shisha jar) was exposed to unbonged Shisha smoke (UBSS), respectively for 7 seconds first and fresh air later for 53 seconds, alternatively for 30 minutes daily for a period of 13 weeks. The Shisha smoke was drawn from the Shisha apparatus outlet by a vacuum compressor at a pressure of 300 kPa into the nose-only exposure chamber where the rats were kept. At the end of the exposure, five animals from each group were randomly selected and anaesthetised with 0.4 mL/100g of combined ketamine and diazepam and blood samples were obtained through cardiac puncture. RESULTS: The result obtained showed that chronic exposure to Shisha smoke revealed a significant increase in testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) level, high sperm DNA fragmentation and abnormal cell morphology, marked reduction in serum testosterone concentration, sperm count and progressive motility.
Shisha smoke, malondialdehyde, testosterone, sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphology
Авторське право (c) 2021 Journal of African Association of Physiological Sciences
Effect of hydromethanolic extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf on blood glucose, plasma insulin and histomorphology of the pancreas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male wistar rats
Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most dreaded health issues worldwide due to its exponential increasing rate and the limitations of synthetic drugs in providing complete cure for it, hence, the call by health stakeholders, for more researches on medicinal plants due to their promising results in providing solutions to some health issues with little or no side effect. In response to this call, this study investigates the effects of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract on blood glucose, plasma insulin and histomorphology of the pancreas of diabetic rats in an attempt to evaluate its anti-diabetic potentials. Methods: Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of 55mg/kg b. wt. streptozotocin and treated with hydromethanolic extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg b. wt. doses) and glyburide (5mg/kg b. wt.) for 28 days. Blood glucose levels were measured after every 4 days of treatment during treatment period. Plasma insulin levels were estimated after 14 and 28 days of treatment via immunoassay; while the histomorphological study was done using hematoxylin and eosin staining technique. Results: Results from this study show dose dependent significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels and a dose dependent significant increase in plasma insulin of the extract treated groups which were comparable to those of glyburide treated group. The histological study of the pancreas showed an improvement on the deranged pancreas of diabetic rats following 28-days treatment with Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract. This possibly explains the increase in plasma insulin levels and a corresponding decrease in blood glucose. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it is therefore concluded that Rauvolfia vomitoria has strong anti-diabetic property. The results show that Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract effect its anti-diabetic action by enhancing the regeneration of the pancreatic islets thereby increasing insulin secretion and plasma insulin level.
Rauvolfia vomitoria, antidiabetic, blood glucose, plasma insulin, histomorphology
Alterations of selected biomarkers and reproductive tissues histoarchitecture in offspring of artemether-lumefantrine treated lactating dams
Background: Evidence from previous studies suggests that most antimalarial agents adversely affect reproductive functions. The deleterious effects of artemether-lumefantrine on reproductive functions have also been documented but there is dearth of knowledge on the generational reproductive outcomes during lactation. Hence, we investigated the reproductive outcomes in offspring of dams treated with artemether-lumefantrine during lactation. Methods: Ten lactating dams were randomly assigned into two groups (n=5) and treated as follows: Group I (control) received distilled water (1 ml/kg BW, p.o.) while Group II received artemether-lumefantrine (4/24 mg/kg BW, p.o.) for seven (7) consecutive days immediately after parturition. Pups were thereafter weaned and later given rat chow with water ad libitum daily, before they were euthanized at postnatal day 90 (PND 90). Results: The results showed that although the anti-malarial drug caused a significant decrease in serum testosterone and estrogen levels in offspring of the treated group, relative to the control group; however, follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones, sperm motility, sperm viability and sperm count were not significantly different between the two groups. Moreover, only testicular catalase activity was significantly decreased with a concomitant interstitial edema and defective histoarchitectural presentation in the testis and ovary. Nevertheless, the level of malondialdehyde was unaltered in both testes and ovarian tissues of the treated group as compared with control. Conclusion: Therefore, this study suggests that exposure to artemether-lumefantrine during lactation could disrupt steroidogenic functions in both testicular and ovarian tissues of offspring in adult life.
Artemether-lumefantrine, antioxidant, hormone, lactation, reproductive toxicity
Influence of nanosilver on osmotic fragility responses of erythrocyte membrane following Na+/K+-ATPase blockade
Background: The molecular mechanisms and overt effects of nanoparticle-induced changes in red blood cells (RBCs) structure and function across membrane cell lines remain unclear despite the increasing use and application in nanomedicine. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of nanosilver exposure on osmoregulation of red cell membrane fragility in digoxin-induced Na+-K+ATPase blockade in vitro. Materials and Method: Samples from 50 subjects were obtained from consenting asymptomatic adults: male and female HbAA haemoglobin genotype. After separation and washing of erythrocytes, the samples were divided into three sets with each sample treated in duplicate with graded percentage concentrations of phosphate buffer solutions (0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1). The second and third set of samples were incubated with 0.05ml of erythrocytes, 1 ml phosphate buffer saline and 1 ml nanosilver or digoxin of 25 mg/ml. Thereafter, the content of each test tube was incubated for 1 hour and 3 hours respectively. The absorbance was recorded after 30mins incubation for each set with standard spectrophotometer at 540 nm wavelength. Haemolysis in each tube was recorded and expressed as percentage of the absorbance in distilled water. The average values recorded were plotted against the different concentrations used. Results: Erythrocytes from the sample incubated with nanosilver had significantly increased osmotic lysis compared with the untreated cells in rate-depended manner (P<0.05). Similar pattern was observed with digoxin pre-incubated cells. The mean osmotic fragility (MOF) index of the untreated, nanosilver and digoxin pre-incubated cells was in the order: digoxin>nanosilver>untreated. Conclusion: exposure of RBCs to nanosilver and in Na+/K+ATPase blockade may result in increased hemolytic effects by multifactorial cell membrane-mediated processes
Nanosilver-induced lysis in Na /K ATPase blockade
Sodium bicarbonate supplementation prevents cardiac hypertrophy in male rats exposed to high intensity swim exercise via inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase activity
Background: Cardiac hypertrophy is linked with ventricular arrhythmia and can be fatal among athletes engaged in high intensity exercise. This study investigates the effect of sodium bicarbonate on cardiac hypertrophy induced by swim exercise in male Wistar rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar (100-150 g) randomly divided into 5 groups 1-5 (n =8) were used. Group 1 was the control sedentary animals while groups 2-3 and 4-5 were exercised at low or high intensity, respectively. Groups 1,2 and 4 received distilled water while groups 3 and 5 received sodium bicarbonate (250 mg/kg, p.o) daily. Exercise was carried out by swimming in a temperature regulated water tank 5 days/ week for 8 weeks. The intensity was varied by attaching 5% body weight load to the tail of the high intensity exercise groups while the low intensity groups were unloaded. Body weight was monitored weekly. Blood samples were obtained for plasma lipid profile, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration. Cardiac hypertrophy was determined from the heart weight to tail length (HW:TL) ratio. Data were presented as Mean ± SEM. Results: Final body weights of all exercised groups were not different when compared with their initial weight. Cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were decreased in the high intensity exercise group treated with sodium bicarbonate. Triglyceride level was not different across all groups while High-density lipoprotein increased in the low intensity untreated and low intensity treated groups. CRP level was not different across all groups while LDH activity was significantly decreased in the high intensity exercised group treated with sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate treatment also caused significant decrease in HW:TL ratio in the treated high intensity exercise group compared with their corresponding untreated group. Conclusion: Sodium bicarbonate supplementation ameliorated swim exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy in male Wistar rats through a mechanism that probably involves lactate dehydrogenase activity.
Swim exercise, Cardiac hypertrophy, Sodium bicarbonate, CRP, LDH, Rat
Hematinic effect of locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) seeds on phenylhydrazine-induced anaemia in rats
Background: Hematinic effect of the extract of locust bean seeds was investigated following Phenylhydrazine (primarily used as antipyretics) administration in wistar rats. Methods: The phytochemical, chemical and mineral constituents of the locust bean seeds were evaluated. 25 adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Group 1 rats were untreated control; Group 2 received only phenylhydrazine: (negative controls); Group 3 received phenylhydrazine +100 mg/kg of extract; Group 4 received phenylhydrazine +1000 mg/kg of extract; Group 5 received phenylhydrazine + 0.23 ml/kg of Bioferon®: phenylhydrazine (40mg/kg body weight) was administered via intraperitoneal route on day 0, with two additional doses given at 9am and 6pm, on day 1 of the experiment; the seed extracts of Parkia biglobosa and Bioferon were both administered orally for 14 days. On day 15, the rats were anesthetized by chloroform and blood was collected by direct cardiac puncture. Packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), Red blood cell counts (RBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean concentration of hemoglobin (MCH), Reticulocytes and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined using automated machine (Sysmex apparatus of the type 8999). Results: The phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of tannis, alkaloids, flavonoid, saponin, steroid and glycosides. The chemical analysis indicated the presence of moisture, protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, carbohydrate, and nitrogen. The mineral contents of the extract revealed the presence of: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Copper and Phosphorus. Phenylhydrazine significantly reduced all erythrocyte parameters in group 2 rats when compared with group 1 rats (p<0.05). However, administration of the extract and Bioferon significantly increased values of all erythrocyte parameters in groups 4 and 5 rats respectively compared with group 2 rats. Conclusion: The results suggest a possible hematinic effect of the extract of locust bean seeds on the parameters of erythrocyte following phenylhydrazine administration. The observed effects of the extract could possibly be from the rich nutritional content of the P. biglobosa seeds.
Parkia biglobosa, phenyhydrazine, hematology, rats
Covid and the virtual classroom: the new normal?
Virtual learning can be defined as software systems created to support the teaching- learning process that allows teachers and students to communicate in an integrated manner through cyberspace. The rapid developments in technology over the past few years, have led to the innovation of systems through which information can be delivered independent of location. The current COVID-19 climate has resulted in the restructuring of the educational system and the adaptation of technology globally, so as to portray didactic ideologies. Investigation of efficacy of the use of design software platforms in a virtual learning environment is paramount as digitation has become a significant factor in the synthesis and dissemination of learning materials within the educational system. The use of virtual classrooms is deemed advantageous as it enables the incorporation of learning styles, decreases the incidences of learning barriers, allows for adherence of Covid-19 restrictions, and enhances mental encoding and information retention. It also comes with certain disadvantages, which are attributable to the technological divide, economic and technological infrastructure, the user’s knowledge, perception and usage of these technological advancements, and its possible alienation and educational dissatisfaction. What and who benefits with these learning platforms; Is this the new normal going forward?
Virtual leaning, Covid, Medical education, Learning platforms, Virtual classrooms
ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID ATTENUATES DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN MICE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS
ABSTRACT Background/Aim: Depression is the most common psychiatric illness that involves mood disturbances affecting many brain regions. Despite many approaches available to treat depression, only about 35% of depressed patients achieve remission upon receiving antidepressants. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant that serves a critical role in mitochondrial energy metabolism. Hence, this research was aimed at assessing possible antidepressant effect of ALA in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Methods: Twenty five (25) Swiss albino mice weighing between 20-26 g were grouped into five groups of five mice each (n=5). Group 1: which served as control received normal saline (NS), Groups 2, 3 and 4 received graded doses of ALA 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, Group 5 (positive control) received Fluoxetine 20 mg/kg. Daily administration was done through oral gavage. The animals were subjected to CUMS, open field (OF) and staircase (SC) tests. Thereafter, brain and blood samples of the mice were collected for Serotonin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis. Results: Treatment with ALA 200 mg/kg significantly decreased immobility time compared to NS group (P≤0.05) in the tail suspension test. Similarly, fluoxetine 20 mg/kg significantly increased brain serotonin level and decreased BDNF level compared to normal saline group (P≤0.05). However, ALA did not significantly affect brain serotonin and BDNF levels (P>0.05). In the OF test, a significant decrease was observed in the number of line crossing in ALA 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg and Fluoxetine 20 mg/kg administered groups when compared with normal saline group (P≤0.05). However, in SC test and oxidative stress biomarkers, no significant effect was observed (P>0.05). Conclusion: ALA showed promising antidepressant-like effect in mice subjected to CUMS murine model of depression via decreasing behavioural despair.
Key words: Alpha−lipoic acid, Depression, Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress, Immobility time, Behavioural Despair, Oxidative Stress, Serotonin, BDNF
Anticonvulsant, antiamnesic and anxiolytic activities of methanol leaf extract of Bambusa vulgaris (Poaceae) in mice
Background: Previous findings have shown that epilepsy can precipitate amnesia and anxiety, among other neuropsychiatric disorders. Bambusa vulgaris is used in African traditional medicine against convulsion, amnesia and anxiety but there is scanty scientific basis for these ethnomedicinal claims. Hence, this study investigated the anticonvulsant, antiamnesic and anti- anxiety effects of Bambusa vulgaris in mice. Methods: The acute oral ingestion of Bambusa vulgaris (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was investigated using pentylenetetrazole-, and strychnine- induced convulsion; antiamnesic using scopolamine-, and diazepam-induced amnesic models while the anxiolytic effect was assessed using elevated plus maze models. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. Results: The extract at all the doses used significantly (p<0.05) elongated the death latency while at 400 mg/kg the onset of clonic and tonic convulsions were significantly (p<0.05) prolonged in pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion model. The extract at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg offered 60, 80 and 100% protection respectively in pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion test. The extract showed no significant (p>0.05) effect on strychnine-induced convulsion model ruling out the involvement of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in the anticonvulsant effect of the extract. The extract at all the tested doses significantly (p<0.05) in a dose dependent fashion ameliorated the amnesia induced by scopolamine and diazepam suggesting antiamnesic effect. Bambusa vulgaris at all the tested doses significantly (p<0.05) in a dose dependent pattern increased the percentage open arm entries and percentage open arm duration on the open arm of the elevated plus maze as well as reduced the anxiety indices of the experimental mice consistent with anxiolytic effect. The phytochemical quantification of the extract showed abundance of tannins and corroborated by the findings from the Fourier transform infrared spectra of the extract. Conclusion: This study therefore concluded that Bambusa vulgaris may possess anticonvulsant, antiamnesic and anxiolytic effects and provided scientific proof for its traditional use.
Impact of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation during pregnancy on survival, oxidative status and corticosterone level in offspring of Wistar rats
Background: Prenatal exposure to sleep deprivation involves complex communication between the maternal compartment, placenta, and the growing fetus. This study explored the role of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) during different pregnancy stages on survival, blood pressure, corticosterone, oxidative stress indices, and C-reactive protein in sleep-deprived dams and their offspring. Methods: To investigate this, 10 pregnant rats (respectively) were subjected to REMSD from gestational day 1 (GD 1) - 20, GD 7 - 20, and GD 14 - 20 respectively. corticosterone, C-reactive protein, m , and levels of antioxidant enzymes. Results: Values of corticosterone, mean arterial blood pressure, and malondialdehyde in the offspring showed comparable patterns of increase observed in their sleep-deprived mothers. Similarly, values of corticosterone, mean arterial blood pressure, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes in sleep-deprived dams and their offspring presented a positive correlation. Offspring of dams subjected to REMSD were predisposed to prepartal stress. Nonetheless, the offspring of dams exposed to REMSD from GD 1 - 20 revealed the most detrimental effects, following their low number of survivors and birth weight. Conclusion: This study identified the potential consequence of continued maternal sleep deprivation-induced stress, sustained exposure to corticosterone, and the corresponding effect it may have posed on the offspring's development
Serum calcium levels of premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal rural women of Zuturung District, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Background: Changes in sex hormones during the menopause transition period have an impact on calcium homeostasis. We studied the age at menopause, anthropometric and mean serum calcium levels in a cohort of premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in Zuturung, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Methods:135 subjects participated in the crossectional study. They comprised of 38 premenopausal, 22 perimenopausal and 75 postmenopausal subjects. After administering a questionnaire, the height (m), weight (g), and waist circumference (cm) of the subjects were determined using standard methods while the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated. 5 milliliters of blood were collected via venipuncture and serum calcium level was determined by utilizing standard laboratory methods. Results:The results showed a mean and median age at menopause of 44.23±2.74 years and 44 years, respectively. Postmenopausal and perimenopausal subjects were more likely to be overweight with mean BMI 26.07±5.99 kg/m2and 26.42±7.27kg/m2 respectively, compared with their premenopausal counterparts with BMI of 25.18±3.48kg/m2 (p<0.001). The postmenopausal and perimenopausal subjects also had a longer waist circumference of 89.63±10.66cm and 92.19±11.91cm respectively compared with the premenopausal women 83.73±8.00cm (p<0.001). Only 73.86% of the postmenopausal women had a BMI ≥25kg/m2 whereas the prevalence of central obesity as determined using the waist circumference among the postmenopausal subjects was 79%. Mean serum calcium levels were slightly lower amongst both postmenopausal and perimenopausal subjects, 2.30±0.35mg/dl and 2.36±0.13mg/dl respectively as compared with the premenopausal women 2.37±0.15mg/dl. These differences were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest a lower mean age at menopause, a higher BMI, a longer waist circumference for the postmenopausal subjects (which was significant) with lower mean serum calcium levels (that was not significant) as compared with their premenopausal subjects. We recommend calcium supplementation and screening of postmenopausal women for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Effect of Exercise Type and Gender on Cardiopulmonary response among Stroke Survivors in Spastic and Relative Recovery Stages
Background: Stroke is one of the most common causes of long-term disability worldwide, and stroke patients need assistance with activities of daily living. Stroke survivors in our environment are not routinely prescribed adequate exercises during stroke rehabilitation partly because of the limited amount of research that has identified optimal dosing of exercises. This study sought to evaluate cardiopulmonary responses to 8-week regimen of squatting and treadmill exercises among stroke survivors of different sexes in the spastic and relative recovery stages. Methodology: Thirty male and female stroke survivors were randomly assigned into two groups comprising of subjects in the spastic (group A) and relative recovery (group B) stages, and subjected to an 8-week regimen of squatting and/or treadmill exercise. Cardiopulmonary functions were recorded at the beginning and the end of the exercise regimen. Data were processed using SPSS version 20.0; p values ˂ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: There was a significant decrease in SBP and DBP, and an increase in HR, FVC and FEV1 at the end of all the regimens, in the spastic and relative recovery groups. At week 1, males had significantly higher values of SBP, FVC and FEV1, but at week 8, males had more reduction in SBP values and more increase in FVC and FEV1 values than the females. Conclusion: Our data show that squatting and treadmill exercise regimens improve blood pressure, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and functional mobility in both male and female stroke survivors in the spastic and relative recovery stages. This improvement is more expressed in males than in females
Electrolyte and oxidative stress profile of healthy adult population in Zaria, Nigeria and their relationship with experimental pain response
Background: Electrolyte imbalance and oxidative stress (OS) are known to impair physiological functions, which can alter health and wellbeing. The reactive species produced due to OS are detoxified by endogenous antioxidants to maintain homeostasis. This study investigated the electrolyte and oxidative stress profile of a healthy adult population in Zaria, Nigeria and their relationship with experimental pain outcome. Method: Participants were apparently healthy adult volunteers between the ages of 20 to 65 years and drawn from the city of Zaria and its environs. Experimental pain was induced using pressure algometry. About 5 ml of blood was collected for determination of serum electrolytes, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Result: The results showed that serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride as well as oxidative stress profile did not vary with sex, age and ethnicity among the studied population. There was a significant negative correlation between pressure pain threshold and serum concentration of potassium (r = 0.2330, p = 0.003) and chloride (r = 0.2126, p = 0.007), while serum sodium correlated positively (r = 0.3439, p = 0.000). Serum MDA, SOD and GSH did not show statistically significant correlation with pressure pain threshold (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Serum electrolytes, but not oxidative stress markers, correlate significantly with experimental pressure pain threshold among healthy adult population in Zaria, Nigeria.
Авторське право (c) 2020 Journal of African Association of Physiological Sciences
Orange peel extract corrected lipid dysmetabolism and pro- inflammation, but not deranged antioxidant and hormonal status in orchidectomised rats
Ostriches are big birds whose growth rate requires adequate nutrition and somewhat clean environments especially for captive ones. This particular ostrich and the remaining three members of the herd, which sparingly fed on green spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and occasionally, some commercial chicken grower mash, lived in an unkempt environment with no vaccination or medical history. Although there are reports of proventricular impaction, rickets, and tibiotarsal rotation separately in ostriches, their co-existence in an ostrich needs documentation to deepen the current knowledge based concerning its predisposing factors and pathophysiology of the case. A post-mortem examination of a fresh ostrich carcass revealed over-distended proventriculus with considerable amounts of foreign materials, “rachitic rosary” beads in both ribs, and comparatively swollen and angulated or rotated left tibiotarsal bone. These led to a diagnosis of chronic proventricular impaction associated with rickets and tibiotarsal deformity predisposed by poor management practice. Therefore, the prompt and adequate feeding of balanced diets in the right amount and at the right time in a cleaner environment would have prevented the development of the conditions in this captive ostrich
What is the Physiological Role of Matrin-3
In mammals, Matrin-3 is a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein of 125 kDa. This protein has been implicated in various functions, including the maintenance of cell viability, proliferation and stemness, DNA protection, mRNA stability and transport of transcripts, and viral assembly as well as involvement in some neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, its physiological mode of action remains elusive. Here, we summarize the main data in the literature on matrin-3’s role in cells and suggest that its specific interaction with GRP78, a principal regulator of the unfolding protein pathway (UPR), may shed light on some of the functional activities associated with Matr3.
Gene-related prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity in different racio-ethnic groups
The metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) phenotype is partly influenced by race/ethnicity and genetic factors being relatively more prevalent in some groups compared to others. This review examines current evidence on the prevalence of MHO amongst children, adolescents and adults of different racio-ethnic groups; and explores gene variants and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may confer cardioprotection in some racio-ethnic groups compared to others. Literature search of articles published in English was conducted using PubMed, Medline and Google scholar databases, with search terms related to the prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity as well as genetic variants that decrease or increase the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MHO prevalence differed across racio-ethnic groups and gene variants that confer cardioprotection were higher in some racio-ethnic groups compared to others. Lower prevalence of MHO across all ages was particularly reported in the Middle East, while high prevalence was reported in Africans, Americans and some Asian adult population. Excluding environmental and other risk factors, we observed that Caucasians were carriers of gene variants that confer protection against cardiometabolic diseases, whilst Asians showed high frequency of gene variants that increase susceptibility to MetS. A robust understanding of the role of these gene variants, their frequency distribution and racio-ethnic variations may facilitate conceptualisation of appropriate genome wide association studies (GWAS) to determine significant associations between various genetic factors and observed phenotype or disease. This will guide policy formulation and serve as a useful tool in pharmacogenomics and precision medicine.
Oral administration of acrylamide compromises gastric mucosal integrity in Wistar rats
Background: Acrylamide, a potential toxicant and carcinogen, maybe formed in carbohydrate-rich food cooked at very high temperature. Its effect on gastric mucosa defense is not fully elucidated. Hence, the effect of acrylamide ingestion on gastric mucosal integrity was investigated. Methods: Fifty-four (54) Wistar rats (150-200g) were randomly divided into 3 groups; Group I (control) received 0.2mL distilled H20, Groups II and III received 7.5mg/kg body weight and 15mg/kg body weight acrylamide respectively. Both acrylamide and distilled water were administered orally for 28days. Thereafter, gastric secretion was obtained and analysed for gastric acidity. Gastric antioxidants status (superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione, catalase), lipid peroxidation, mucus content, nitric oxide, bicarbonate, prostaglandins-E and gastric mucus content were determined. Blood samples were also collected and evaluated for haematological indices. Histological changes, parietal and mucus cell counts were evaluated on gastric tissues. Results: Gastric secretion and acidity increased (P < 0.05) in the 15mg/kg acrylamide treated group. Glutathione, SOD, catalase, mucus content, bicarbonate, prostaglandins-E2, mucous cell counts were reduced (P < 0.05) while parietal cell count, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide increased (P < 0.05) in both acrylamide treated groups compared to control. White blood cell count in group II was increased compared to control (P < 0.05). Acrylamide treated groups displayed gastric epithelial cells with poor architecture, lamina propria, submucosa inflammatory cell infiltration and vascular congestion. Conclusion: Acrylamide exposure causes degeneration of gastric mucosal integrity in a dose-dependent manner via reductions in gastric protective factors, which thus predisposes the gastric mucosa to erosions and lesions.
Авторське право (c) 2020 Journal of the African Association of Physiological Sciences
Adverse effect of graded Ciprofloxacin oral intake in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Background: Ciprofloxacin (CF) is a very popular antibiotics used for therapeutic prospects. This study was investigated to determine the effect of graded CF oral intake on lipid profile, hepato-reno, antioxidant and cardiovascular functions in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (120-150g) were grouped into 4 equal groups. Group A; control, received 1 ml of normal saline/100g bw, group B, C and D received CF orally at 5, 10 and 20mg/kg respectively. After 7days daily treatments, blood sample was collected via retro-orbital puncture to obtain serum sample for the determination of cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Urea, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were investigated. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malonaldehyde (MDA), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured via femoral cannulation under anesthesia using urethane and 1% α-chloralose. Results: There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in CHOL in group C while TG, LDL, urea significantly reduced in groups B and C and significantly increased in group D (p<0.05). Creatinine, ALT and ALP upregulated in group D (p<0.05) while AST downregulated in groups C and D. GSH and CAT downregulated in groups B, C and D while SOD reduced significantly (p<0.05) in groups B and D. MDA downregulated in groups B and C and upregulated (p<0.05) in group D (p<0.05). BP and HR significantly increased in groups B, C and D compared with control (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that oral CF intake at 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg had no adverse effect on lipid profile, hepato-reno and antioxidant functions. However, CF at 20mg/kg may predispose to dyslipidaemia, hepato-reno dysfunction and increased oxidative stress. CF at 20mg/kg may exert a deleterious effect cardiovascular function.
Preliminary mortality and eclosion: dose-determining factors of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa in Drosophila melanogaster
Background: This study investigated the toxicity of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract using simple end point assays (mortality and eclosion assay) in Drosophila melanogaster (Harwich strain) flies. Methods: The study was carried out in two phases (phases I and II) and in an array of concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/ml in phase I; 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/ml in phase II for the period of 168 hours. Thirty (30) 4-day old flies were used in each concentration and mortality was recorded every 24 hours for the period of the study. Eclosion was scored after emergence of the adult flies. Results: There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in mortality and eclosion between the (experimental) concentrations and the control in the first phase of this study, indicating low/zero toxicity to the parent and the emerged flies. However, higher concentrations of 250 through 1000mg/ml of the second phase showed significant (p<0.05) increased mortality and decreased eclosion scores, indicating high acute toxicity to D. melanogaster. Conclusion: The LC50 of Hibiscus sabdariffa after 168 hours was 427.1mg/10g diet in Drosophila melanogaster and much eclosion was recorded at doses between 10 - 100mg/10g diet as compared with doses between 250 - 1000mg/10g diet. Eclosion can be considered a factor in the determination of LC50 in Drosophila melanogaster.
Melatonin and Vitamin C modulate cholinergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress in scopolamine-induced rat model of memory impairment
Background: Cognitive dysfunction which characterizes dementia is reportedly caused by multiple factors including oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, inflammation, alteration in synaptic neurotransmission. Despite the arrays of drugs available in managing dementia, it appears no single drug can effectively treat dementia. Since it is multifactorial, combining potential drugs may provide neuroprotective impact. As such, this study investigated the neuroprotective effects of melatonin and vitamin C on scopolamine model of cognitive impairment in rats and the possible mechanism of action. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided to receive either normal saline (5 ml/kg, p.o), scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), donepezil (2 mg/kg, p.o), melatonin (10 mg/kg, p.o), vitamin C (100 mg/kg. p.o) or melatonin plus vitamin C. Cognitive impairment was induced by daily injection of scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), after which different treatment regimen were administered for 15 days. Spatial memory was assessed using Morris Water Maze and modified light and dark box. The brain was processed for malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity. Results: Scopolamine-treated rats with no intervention showed impaired learning and memory as depicted by a significant (p<0.05) increase in escape latency, reduction in the frequency of visit to the escape aperture, increased MDA, decreased GSH and elevated acetylcholinesterase activity when compared to other groups. Interventions with melatonin or/and vitamin C reversed these responses respectively. The melatonin plus vitamin C treated group compared favorably with donepezil (reference group). Conclusion: Melatonin and vitamin C show neuroprotective effect in attenuating cognitive impairment in scopolamine-induced model by modulating oxidative stress pathway and enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission.