Öz
Background: Early childhood caries is a public health problem in a developing country such as Nigeria where there are limited resources to combat the situation.
Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of early childhood caries (ECC) among nursery school children aged 3 to 5 years in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 540 nursery school children aged 3 to 5 years old in nursery schools within Ibadan. Oral examination was performed and dmft(decayed-missing-filled teeth) indices were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0 and descriptive statistics was applied. The level of significance was taken at p value<0.05.
Results: The prevalence of early childhood caries was 23.5% with a total of 353 carious teeth seen in 127 children. The mean dmft was 0.65±1.49 and the decayed (d) component constituted 100% of the dmft scores (all dmft was due to untreated caries). The second mandibular primary molars were the teeth most affected by caries, accounting for 35.4% of all decayed teeth. Severe ECC prevalence was 2.2%.
Conclusion: The high caries prevalence observed on the second mandibular primary molars reveals the rampant nature of this disease and the absence of any missing or filled tooth in the dmft indices shows poor dental awareness among the parents/guardians of the children.
Keywords: Early childhood caries, nursery school,
Résumé
Introduction : La carie d’enfance brusque est un problème de santé publique dans un pays en voie de développement tel que le Nigeria où il y a des ressources limité à combattre la situation.
Objective : Le but de cette étude est de déterminer la prévalence et le modèle de la carie d’enfance brusque (CEB) parmi les écoliers pépinière âgés de 3 à 5 ans à Ibadan, Nigeria.
Méthode : Une étude à cross-section était conduite sur 540 écoliers pépinière âgés de 3 à 5 ans à l’intérieur d’Ibadan. L’examen oral était exécuté et les indices dcmr (dent cariée-manquant-remplie) étaient recordées. Les données étaient analysées en utilisant SPSS 16.0 et la statistique descriptive était appliquée. Le niveau significatif était pris à la valeur p<0,05.
Résultats : La prévalence de carie d’enfance brusque était 23,5% avec un total de 353 dents cariées dans 127 enfants. La dcmr moyenne était 0,651,49 et le component cariée (c) constituait 100% des scores dcmr (touts dcmr étaient dus aux caries non traitées). Les deuxièmes molaires primaires mandibulaires étaient les dents les plus affectées par la carie dentaire, comptant pour 35,4% de touts dents cariées. La prévalence de CEB sévère était 2,2%.
Conclusion : La haute prévalence de carie observée sur les deuxièmes molaires primaires mandibulaires révèle que la nature rampante de cette maladie et l’absence de dent manquant ou remplie dans les indices de dcmr montre un manque d’information dentaire parmi les parents/tuteurs des enfants.
Mots clé: Brusque, enfance, carie, pépinière, école.
Correspondence: Dr. Omobolaji I. Iyun, Department of Child Oral Health, Dental Centre,University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: omobolajibukun@yahoo.com.
Referanslar
American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. Policy on Early Childhood Caries (ECC). Paediatr Dent 2005-2006; 27: 31-33.
Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AL, et al. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. J Public Health Dent 1999; 59: 192-197.
Winter G.B. Hamilton M.C and James P.M.C. Role of a comforter as an aetiological factor in rampant caries of the deciduous dentition. Arch Dis Child1966;41: 207-212.
Milnes A. R. Description and epidemiology of nursing caries. J Public Health Dent1996;56: 38-50.
American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. Policy on Early Childhood Caries: unique challenges and treatment options. 2002-2003; 24-25.
Bethesda MD. Proceedings: Conference on Early Childhood Caries, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol Suppl. 1998;26(1): 5-119.
Ramos-Gomez FJ, Weinstraub JA, Gansky SA,et al. Bacterial, behavioral and environmental factors associated with early childhood caries. J Clin Paediatr Dent 2002;26: 165-173.
Olak J, Mandar R, Karjalainen S,et al. Dental health and oral mutans streptococci in 2-4-year-old Estonian children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007;17: 92-97.
Karjalainen S, Söderling E, Sewón L,et al. A prospective study on sucrose consumption, visible plaque and caries in children from 3 to 6 years of age. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29: 136–142.
Szatko F, Wierzbicka M, Dybizbanska E,et al. Oral health of Polish three year-olds and mothers’ oral health related knowledge. Community Dent Health 2004;21: 175–180.
Li Y, Wang W, Caufield PW,et al. The fidelity of mutans streptococci transmission and caries status correlation with breast-feeding experience among Chinese families. Caries Res 2000; 34: 123–132.
Rodrigues CS and Sheiham A. The relationship between dietary guidelines, sugar intake and caries in primary teeth in low income Brazilian 3 year olds: a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000;10: 47-55.
Milgrom P, Riedy CA, Weinstein P,et al. Dental caries and its relationship to bacterial infection, hypoplasia, diet, and oral hygiene in 6 to 36 month old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000;28: 295–306.
Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report. Improvement of oral health in Africa in the 21st century – the role of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Af J Oral Health 2004; 1: 2-16.
Hallet KB and O’Rourke PK. Pattern and severity of early childhood caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2006; 34: 25-35.
Sayegh A, Dini EL, Holt RD, et al. Caries prevalence and patterns and their relationship to social class, infant feeding and oral hygiene in 4-5 year old children in Amman, Jordan. Community Dent Health 2002; 19: 144-151.
Adenubi JO. Dental Health Status of 4 and 5 year old children in Lagos private schools. Nig Dent J 1980;1: 28-38.
Noah M.O. The Prevalence and distribution dental caries and state of oral cleanliness in 5 year old Ibadan Private School children. Nig Dent J. 1984;5: 44-51.
Noah M.O. Rampant Caries Prevalence and the role of oral cleanliness in its aetiology in the deciduous dentition of 4 and 5 year old Ibadan children attending Private schools. Odonto-Stomatologie Tropicale 1988;11: 61-65.
Sote E.O. Attendance pattern and presenting oral health problems of children at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Nig Qt. J. Hosp. Med. 1996;6:80-84.
Sote E.O. Nursing caries in Nigerian children- an overview. Nig Postgrad Med J 1998; 5: 192-195.
Sowole C.A and Sote E.O. Early Childhood Caries: Experience in Nigerian Children at Lagos. Nig Postgrad Med J 2007; 14 (4): 314-318.
Sofola OO, Jeboda SO and Shaba OP. Dental status in primary school children aged 4-16 years in South West Nigeria. Odonto-Stomatologie Tropicale 2004;108: 19-22.
Saravanan S, Kalyani C, Vijayarani MP, et al. Prevalence of dental fluorosis among primary school children in rural areas of Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Community Med 2008;33(3): 146-150.
Kirkwood BR and Sterne JAC. Essential Medical Statistics, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing Limited, Masschussets, USA,2003; 420,433-437.
Adekoya-Sofowora C, Nasir WO, Taiwo M, et al. Caries experience in the primary dentition of nursery school children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Afr J Oral Health 2006;2(1, 2): 19-25.
Akpata ES. Oral health in Nigeria. Int Dent J 2004;54: 361-366.
Toi CS, Cleaton-Jones PE and Daya NP. Mutans streptococci and other caries-associated acidogenic bacteria in five-year-old children in South Africa. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1999; 14: 238-243.
Noah M.O. Caries experience and oral cleanliness in the deciduous dentitions of Ibadan children from different social groups J Int Ass Dent Child 1984b;15: 43-49.
Ali YA, Chandrance HJ, Khan A, et al. Prevalence of dental caries in nursery school children of Akola city. J Indian Soc Paedod Prev. Dent 1998; 16: 21-25.
Kiwanuka SN, Astram AN and Trovik TA. Dental caries experience relationship to social and behavioural factors among 3 to 5-year-old children in Uganda. Int J Paediatr Dent 2004;14: 336-346.
Tsubochi J, Higashi T, Shimono T, et al. A study of baby bottle tooth decay and risk factors for 18 month old infants in rural Japan. J Dent Child 1994; 61: 293-298.