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Background: Urinalysis is one of the basic investigations used to detect presence of biochemical changes in urine. Amongst the commonest indicators in urinalysis are proteinuria and glycosuria which may be early biochemical markers for kidney disease and carbohydrate metabolic dysfunction. This 3-year cross-sectional study was conducted to find out the prevalence of proteinuria and glycosuria among apparently healthy volunteers in Oyo State
Method: Fresh mid-stream urine samples were collected randomly over a period of 3 years (2013-2015) from 2779 apparently healthy adult volunteers (1555 males and 1224 females) aged 20 to 60 years from the thirty-three local councils in Oyo State. The samples were screened using dipstick method for the presence of glucose and protein.
Results: In 2013, 1,238 subjects (731 males and 507 females) were screened and 4.9% (60 participants), 7.5% (93 participants), and 0.3% (4 participants) had proteinuria, glycosuria and 35combined PG respectively. In 2014, 718 subjects (398 males and 320 females) were recruited; 4.5% (32 participants) had proteinuria, 5.3% (38 participants) had glycosuria while 0.8% (6 participants) had combined proteinuria and glycosuria. In 2015, 823 subjects (426 males and 397 females) participated in the study. Proteinuria was observed in 4.5% (37 participants), glycosuria was found in 3.5% (29 participants) and the prevalence of combined proteinuria and glycosuria (PG) was 0.6% (5 participants). Although this 3year consecutive survey showed that glycosuria was more prevalent than proteinuria or their combined PG (G=5.8%, P=4.6%, PG=0.5%), the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Proteinuria was higher in females (4.8%) than in males (4.5%), glycosuria was more prevalent in males (6.2%) than in females (5.2%) while PG was almost similar (0.6% and 0.5%) in females and males respectively; the differences were not significant (p>0.05)
Conclusion: The prevalence of combined proteinuria and glycosuria was lower than either glycosuria or proteinuria existing singly over the 3-year period. This work affirms the usefulness of simple urinalysis as a screening method for glycosuria and proteinuria and by inference possible application of this simple method as a screening tool f or the prevalence of diseases.
Keywords: Prevalence, Urinalysis, Proteinuria, Glycosuria, Oyo state
Résumé
Contexte: L’analyse d’urine est l’une des études de base utilisées pour détecter la présence de modifications biochimiques de l’urine. Parmi les indicateurs les plus courants en analyse d’urine
sont la protéinurie et la glycosurie, qui peuvent être des marqueurs biochimiques précoces de l’insuffisance rénale et un dysfonctionnement métabolique des glucides. Cette étude transversale
de trois ans a été menée pour déterminer la prévalence de protéinurie et de glycosurie chez des volontaires apparemment en bonne santé dans l’État d’Oyo.
Méthode: Des échantillons frais d’urine mi courant ont été aléatoirementprélevés sur une période de 3 ans (2013-2015) auprès de 2779 volontaires adultes apparemment en bonne santé (1555 hommes et 1244 femmes) âgés de 20 à 60 ans dans les trente-trois mairies de l’État d’Oyo. Les échantillons ont été criblés en utilisant la méthode ‘dipstick’ pour la présence de glucose et de protéine.
Résultats : En 2013, 1238 sujets (731 hommes et 507 femmes) ont été dépistés et 4,9% (60 participants), 7,5% (93 participants) et 0,3% (4 participants) avaient respectivement la protéinurie, la glycosurie et 35PG combinés. En 2014, 718 sujets (398 hommes et 320 femmes) ont été recrutés ; 4,5% (32 participants) avaient la protéinurie, 5,3% (38 participants) la glycosurie tandis que 0,8% (6 participants) une combinaison de protéinurie et de glycosurie. En 2015, 823 sujets (426 hommes et 397 femmes) ont participé à l’étude. Une protéinurie a été observée chez 4,5% (37 participants), une glycosurie chez 3,5% (29 participants) et la prévalence combinée de la protéinurie et de la glycosurie (PG) était de 0,6% (5 participants). Bien que cette enquête consécutive de trois ans ait montré que la glycosurie était plus prévalant que la protéinurie ou leur PG combinée (G = 5,8%, P = 4,6%, PG = 0,5%), la différence n’était pas significative (p> 0,05). La protéinurie était plus élevée chez les femmes (4,8%) que chez les hommes (4,5%), la glycosurie était plus prévalant chez les hommes (6,2%) que chez les femmes (5,2%) tandis que la PG combinée était presque similaire (0,6% et 0,5%) chez les femmes et les hommes respectivement; les différences n’étaient pas significatives (p> 0,05)
Conclusion: La prévalence de protéinurie et de glycosurie combinée était plus faible que soit la glycosurie ou la protéinurie existants séparément sur la période de 3 ans. Ce travail affirme l’utilité de l’analyse simple d’urine comme une méthode de dépistage de la glycosurie et de la protéinurie et, par déduction, l’application possible de cette méthode simple comme outil de dépistage de la prévalence des maladies.
Mots-clés: Prévalence, Analyse d’urine, Protéinurie, Glycosurie, État d’Oyo
Correspondence: Dr. I.O. Omotosho, Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: iomotosho2014@gmail.com
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