Cancer Distribution Patterns over 5-Year Period (2016-2020) in Ekiti State Cancer Registry, Ido-Ekiti, Southwestern, Nigeria

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Background: Cancer is one of the major disease
burdens worldwide and the second leading cause of
death after cardiovascular disease. In Nigeria,
survival rate is low due to high cost of treatment and
late presentation at the hospitals. According to the
2020 World Cancer Report, prevention is the “only
consideration that will credibly decrease [cancer]
burden”. The WHO-endorsed Asturias Declaration,
further asserted that “Primary prevention - prevention
of the exposures that cause cancer - is the single
most effective means of prevention.”   This approach
requires the study of the geographical spread of
different cancer types to ascertain the possible
contributions of environmental exposures (including
local geology) together with occupational exposures.
Materials and Methods: The demographic data of
707 cancer patients spanning over a five-year period
(2016-2020) were collected from the Ekiti State
cancer registry situated in Federal Teaching Hospital,
Ido-Ekiti (FETHI). Cancer occurrence as a function
of socio-demographic variables such as cancer type,
age, gender, geographical location and occupation of
the subjects were studied using Excel spread sheet.
Results: The result showed that cancer types were
distributed as follows in Ekiti state: reproductive
(37.2%), breast (33.5%), gastrointestinal track G.I.T.
(7.1%), blood and bone marrow (3.1%), colon
(3.1%), connective tissue (2.8%), skin (2.7%),
metastatic (2.5%), liver and gall bladder (2.3%), brain
(1.8%), endocrine (1.8%), kidney (1.6%), lungs
(1.0%), lymphoma (0.8%), eye (0.7%) and jaw
(0.4%).  The number of male and female subjects
were 264 (37.3%) and 443 (62.7%), respectively, with
53% of the female subjects presenting with breast
cancer.  The age at diagnosis ranged from less thanone-year
to 100 years with an average of 57.8years. All the cancer of the jaw cases were in male subjects,
while all the breast cancer cases were in female
subjects.  Similarly, more cases of cancer of
reproductive sites were recorded in female (64.8 %)
than in male subjects (37.2 %). The implicated age
ranges from 30 to 80 years with trading being the most implicated occupation (38.6 %). The prevalence
of cancer (number of cases divided by the population)
ranged from 0.64 per 100,000 at Ise/Orun LGA to
15.59 per 100,000 at Ido-Osi LGA. This disparity
can be due to the geology of these areas.
Conclusion: In Ekiti State, cancer occurrence is
higher in females than males, the most frequent being
cancer of reproductive sites. The average age of
cancer patients was 57.8 years while Ido-Osi Local
Government is worst hit in terms of cancer
prevalence. This may be due to the underlying geology
of the area.