सार
Background: There is a global increase in morbidity and mortality due to zoonotic diseases hence there is a need to identify possible sources of infections to human population. This study assessed veterinarians’ compliance with standard infection control practices (ICPs) for prevention of zoonosis in Nigeria.
Methodology: A cross sectional survey of 320 veterinarians participating in the National Annual Conference of the Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association was done in November, 2011. Characteristics related to compliance with standard infection control practices were assessed. Chi-square and logistic regression tests were done at 0.05 significant levels. More veterinarians (51.1% and 61.2%) did not comply with appropriate ICPs while carrying out medical procedures of necropsy and assisting in parturition. Those with longer years of practice (OR=0.42, 95%CI=0.23-0.75) and with long working hours (OR=0.52, 95%CI=0.28-0.97) were less likely to comply with ICPS. Private practice veterinarians were less likely than public practitioners to comply (OR=0.67, 95%CI=0.15-0.69). Also veterinarians who had workplace IC policy were more likely than those without to be compliant with ICPs (OR=3.71, 95%CI= 1.87-7.37).
Conclusion: Future conferences can be used to advise veterinarians on the importance of implementing appropriate IC measures. Also infection prevention practices laws and policies should be enacted to encourage compliance by veterinarians.
Keyword: personal protective equipment, Infection control practices, Zoonoses, Occupational safety, Veterinarians, Nigeria
Résumé
Contexte: Il ya une augmentation globale de morbidité et de mortalité due aux maladies zoonotiques par conséquent, il est nécessaire d’identifier les sources possibles d’infections à la population humaine. Cette étude a évalué la conformité des vétérinaires avec les pratiques de contrôle standard d’infection (PCI) pour la prévention des zoonoses au Nigeria.
Méthodologie: Une recherche transversale de 320 vétérinaires participant à la Conférence Nationale Annuelle de l’Association Nigériane des Médecins Vétérinaires a été réalisée en Novembre, 2011. Les caractéristiques liées à la conformité avec les pratiques standards de contrôle d’infection ont été évalués. Les tests de Chi-carrés et de régression logistiques ont été effectuées à 0,05 des niveaux significatifs.
Results: Plus de (51,1% et 61,2%) des vétérinaires n’étaient pas conformes avec le PIC appropriées tout en effectuant les procédures médicales d’autopsie et assistant à la parturition. Ceux avec de plus longues années de pratique (OR = 0,42, IC à 95% = 0,23 - 0,75) et avec des longues heures de travail (OR = 0,52, IC à 95% = 0,28 à 0,97) étaient moins susceptibles de se conformer au PIC. Les vétérinaires de pratique privée étaient moins susceptibles que les praticiens publiques de se conformer (OR = 0,67, IC à 95% = 0,15 - 0,69). Aussi les vétérinaires qui avaient la politique IC en milieu de travail étaient plus susceptibles que ceux sans la politique IC à être conforme avec le PIC (OR = 3,71, IC à 95% = 1,87 - 7,37).
Conclusion: Les conférences avenir peuvent être utilisées pour conseiller les vétérinaires sur l’importance de la mise en œuvre des mesures appropriées IC. Aussi des lois et politiques de pratiques de prévention d’infection doivent être promulguées pour encourager la conformité par les vétérinaires.
Mot-clés: équipement de protection individuelle, pratiques de contrôle d’infection, zoonoses, sécurité en milieu de travail, vétérinaires, Nigeria
Correspondence: Dr. G.I. Makinde, Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Nigeria. E-mail: iphemankind@yahoo.com
##submission.citations##
Australian Veterinary Association code of practice for management of hygiene and infection control for veterinarians, website: Risk Management Code of Practice 2007- Workplace Health and Safety Queensland.
Biosecurity and Infection Control Guidelines in Veterinary Practice: Australian Veterinary Association NT Division BULLETIN. May 2010.
Kabuusu RW, Keku EO, Robert Kiyini R and McCann TJ. Prevalence and patterns of self-reported animal-related injury among veterinarians in metropolitan Kampala. J. Vet. Sci. (2010), 11(4), 363-365.
Baker WS and Gray GC: ‘A review of published reports regarding zoonotic pathogen infection in veterinarians’, JAVMA 2009; vol. 234, pp. 1271–1278.
Centre for Disease Control: Zoonotic Diseases. 2011. Available at: http://www.bccdc.ca/dis-cond/types/Zoonotic/default.htm#.
Jones K.E., N.G Patel and M.A Levy. Global Trends in Emerging Infectious Diseases. Nature 2008; 451: 990-993.
Rweyemamu M., Otini- Nape N and Serwa dda D. Foresight Infectious Diseases: Preparing for the Future. Africa Office of Science and Innovation, London. P. 1-120. 2006.
Chomel BB and Marano N. Essential veterinary education in emerging infections, modes of introduction of exotic animals, zoonotic diseases, bioterrorism, implications for human and animal health and disease manifestation. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 2009; 28(2): 559-565.
Zoonoses and Veterinary Public Health Department of Food Safety, Zoonosis, and Foodborne Diseases Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments. Integrated Control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases in Africa Applying the “One Health” Concept. 2009 http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/zoonoses/en/
Coker AO, Isokpehi RD, Thomas BN, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF and Omilabu SA: Zoonotic infections in Nigeria: overview from a medical perspective. Acta Tropica 2000; Volume 76, Issue 1, Pages 59-63.
David O.E. The control of neglected zoonotic diseases in Nigeria through animal intervention: African Journal of Biomedical Research 2011; .
Christopher B, Bernard B and Bertrand G. Demand for Farm Animals products in Nigeria: An Opportunity for Sahel Countries. 2010.
Daodu M.O, Babayemi OJ and Iyayi EA. Herd composition and Management Practices of Cattle production by Pastolist in Oyo Area , South West Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development 2009; 21 (5).
Croft DR, Sotir MJ, Williams CJ, et al. Occupational risks during a monkeypox outbreak, Wisconsin. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1150–1157.
Weese JS , Peregrine AS and Armstrong J Occupational health and safety in small animal veterinary practice: Part I — Nonparasitic zoonotic diseases (NCBI, 2002).
Saima A B, Shafaqat A, Farhat A and Iftikahr H B. Risks of Zoonoses in Veterinarians and Infection Control Practices. Greener Journal of Biological Sciences September 2012; Vol. 2 (1), pp. 007-012.
Jennifer G. W, Sherry Jung , Robert C. Holman, Nina N. M and Jennifer H. McQuiston. Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:1863–1872).
University of California: zoonoses and zoonotic information. 2013; (Article ID 1004134).
Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, et al Brucellosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2325-2336.
Komiya T, Sadamasau K, Toriniwa H, et al. Epidemiological survey on the route of Coxiella burnetti infection in animal hospital. J Infect Chemother 2003; 9:151-155.
United States Department of Labour; Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for an Influenza Pandemic. OSHA 3327-02N 2007.
Model infection control plan for veterinary practices Adapted from National Association of Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV) Veterinary Infection Control Committee (VICC) 2010.
California Administrative Code (CAC): Section 5199.1 on Zoonotic Aerosol Transmissible Diseases (ATDs), 2009.
Beth A. Lipton, Sharon G. H, Jane E. Koehler and Ronald F. D: A survey of veterinarian involvement in zoonotic disease prevention practices. Vet Med Today: Public Veterinary Medicine JAVMA, Vol 233, No. 8, October 15, 2008.
Ruzanna H. Veterinarians At Risk For Infections From Animals (2009): Available at: http://www.emaxhealth.com/2/38/31177/veterinarians-risk-infections-animals.html.
Ellen A.S.W, Elizabeth A, Lee M.M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for serum antibodies against Leptospira serovars in US veterinarians. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2009; 234(7):938-44.