Critical appraisal of post-repair nosocomial infection: a trigger for failed repair of urinary fistula

Abstract

Background: Failed fistula repair is an emotive outcome for surgeons and patients. It is usually
characterized by anger, frustration and depression. Postoperative urinary tract infection could cause failed
repair. Serial urine samples for microscopy, culture and sensitivity with prompt treatment of infection if it
exists will usually prevent this unwanted outcome.
Objectives:To describe the pattern of nosocomial infection post-urinary fistula repair among women with failed repair.
Methods: This was a retrospective review of medical records of women with failed urinary fistula from January to December
2012. Of the 25 patients repaired during the period, patient who had failed repair due to proven microbiological specimen
urinary infection were adjudged nosocomial infection. The routine practice is to ensure preoperative sterile urine. The same
surgeon performed all the surgeries.
Results: Five patients out of the 25 patients operated during the period had evidence of nosocomial infections. The entire urine
samples microscopy and culture tests yielded same organism- Klebsiella species; and the sensitivity as well as resistance
patterns to antibiotics were the same. We also observed that all women that developed nosocomial infections were nursed on
the same ward at the time.
Conclusion: Nosocomial infections could negatively influence the outcome of fistula repair. We
recommend that attention should be focused beyond the dexterity of the surgeon but also on drivers of
post repair nosocomial infections to reduce the occurrence of failed repair. Training of support staff such
as nurses in this highly specialized management is imperative including infection control.
Key words: Urinary fistula, nosocomial infection, urinary tract infection, urinary infection fistula
Résumé
Contexte : L’échec de la réparation de la fistule est un résultat sensible pour les chirurgiens et les
patients. Il se caractérise généralement par la colère, la frustration et la dépression. Une infection des
voies urinaires postopératoire peut entraîner une défaillance de la réparation. Des échantillons d’urine en
série destinés à la microscopie, à la culture et à la sensibilité, avec un traitement rapide de l’infection, si
elle existe, préviendront généralement ce résultat indésirable .
Objectifs : Pour décrire le schéma d’infection nosocomiale après la réparation de la fistule urinaire chez
les femmes dont la réparation a échoué.
Méthodes : Il s’agissait d’un examen rétrospectif des dossiers médicaux de femmes atteintes d’une fistule
urinaire défaillante de janvier à décembre 2012. Sur les 25 patientes réparées au cours de la période, les
patientes dont la réparation avait été manquée en raison d’un échantillon microbiologique prouvé ont été
considérées comme une infection nosocomiale. La pratique courante consiste à s’assurer de l’urine stérile
préopératoire. Le même chirurgien a effectué toutes les chirurgies.
Résultats: Cinq patients sur les 25 opérés au cours de cette période présentaient des signes d’infections
nosocomiales. La microscopie et les tests de culture des échantillons d’urine complets ont révélé le même
organisme: l’ espèce Klebsiella ; et la sensibilité ainsi que les profils de résistance aux antibiotiques
étaient les mêmes. Nous avons également observé que toutes les femmes développant des infections
nosocomiales étaient soignées dans le même service à l’époque.
Conclusion: les infections nosocomiales pourraient influer négativement sur l’issue de la réparation de la
fistule. Nous recommandons que l’attention soit portée au-delà de la dextérité du chirurgien mais
également aux conducteurs d’infections nosocomiales post-réparation afin de réduire le risque de
défaillance de la réparation. La formation du personnel de soutien tel que les infirmières à
cette gestion hautement spécialisée est impérative, y compris la prévention et control des infections.
Mots-clés: fistule urinaire, infection nosocomiale, infection des voies urinaires, fistule d’infection
urinaire
Correspondence: Dr. Rukiyat A. Abdus-salam, Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Nigeria. Email. deolaabudussalam@gmail.com; raabdussalam@comui.edu.ng.

pdf

References

WHO: World Health Organization: Maternal Mortality in 2000: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2003. http:// www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/maternal_mortality_2000/mme.pdf

Strengthening Fistula Prevention and Treatment Services in Nigeria; An Environmental Scan. Engender Health, May 2010.

Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria (2006). National Strategic Framework and Plan for VVF Eradication in Nigeria 2005-2010.

National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission and ICF Macro. 2009

Singh A, Kumar M and Sharma S. Iatrogenic urethrovaginal fistula with transverse vaginal septum presenting as cyclical hematuria. Indian J Urol. 2011 Oct-Dec; 27(4): 547–549.

Ojengbede OA, Baba Y, Morhason-Bello IO, et al. Group psychological therapy in obstetric fistula care: a complementary recipe for the accompanying mental ill health morbidities? Afr J Reprod Health. 2014; 18(1): 155-9.PubMed PMID: 24796180.

Ahmed S and Holtz SA. Social and economic consequences of obstetric fistula: life changed forever? Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007 Nov; 99 Suppl 1:S10-5. Epub 2007 Aug28. PubMed PMID: 17727854.

Kayondo M, Wasswa S, Kabakyenga J. et al. Predictors and outcome of surgical repair of obstetrics fistula at a regional referral hospital Mbarara, Western Uganda. BMC Urology 2011, 11:23. Dol:http.www.biomedcentral.cpm/1471:2490/11/23

Morhason-Bello IO, Ojengbede OA, Adedokun BO, Okunlola MA and Oladokun A. Uncomplicated midvaginal vesico-vaginal fistula repair in Ibadan: a comparison of the abdominal and vaginal routes. Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine, 2008; 6(2): 39-43.

Morhason-Bello IO, Ojengbede OA, Adedokun BO, Oladokun A and Okunlola MA. Obstetric fistulae repair in a Nigerian Tertiary Health Institution: Lessons learnt from the outcome of care. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology 2011; 28(2):122-128.

Guo. S and DiPietro LA. Factors Affecting Wound Healing. J Dent Res. 2010 Mar; 89(3): 219–229. doi: 10.1177/0022034509359125

Thomas H C. Checklist for Factors Affecting Wound Healing. Advances in skin & wound care. 2011; Vol. 24(4): 192

Guggenbichler JP, Assadian O, Boeswald M and Kramer A. Incidence and Clinical implication of nosocomial infections associated with implantable biomaterials- catheters, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infections. GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar 2011, Vol. 6(1), ISSN 1863-5245

Vincent JL. Nosocomial infections in adult intensive-care units. Lancet. 2003; 361 (9374): 2068-77. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13644-3646

Muleta M, Tafesse B and Aytenfisu HG. Antibiotic use in obstetric fistula repair: single blinded randomized clinical trial. Ethiop Med J. 2010 Jul;48(3):211-7. PubMed PMID: 21073082.

Peleg AY and Hooper DC. Hospital-Acquired Infections Due to Gram-Negative Bacteria. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 13; 362(19): 1804–1813. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0904124.

Meeks GR and Roth TM. Vesicovaginal and Urethrovaginal Fistulas. In: Rock JA, Jones HW, editors. Te Linde’s Operative Gynecology. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia: 2008. pp. 973–994.

Tebeu PM, Fomulu JN, Mbassi AA, et al. Rochat CH. Quality care in vesico-vaginal obstetric fistula: case series report from the regional hospital of Maroua-Cameroon. Pan African Medical Journal. 2010; 5:6

Genadry RR, Creanga AA, Roenneburg ML and Wheeless CR. Complex obstetric fistulas. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007; 99: S51–S56

Baron MA et al. Determinants of postoperative outcomes of female genital fistula repair surgery. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 September; 120(3): 524–531.

Munoz O, Bowling CB, Gerten KA, et al. Factors influencing postoperative short-term outcomes of vesicovaginal fistula repairs in a Community Hospital in Liberia. Br J Med Surg Urol. 2011 Nov. 4(6): 259-265

Leone M, Albanèse J, Garnier F, et al. Risk factors of nosocomial catheter-associated urinary tract infection in a polyvalent intensive care unit. Intensive Care Medicine. 2003 July; Volume 29, Issue 7: 1077-1080

Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B and Rosner B. Risk Factors for Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection. Am J Epidemiol. 1986; 124 (6): 977-985

Stamm WE. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention. The American Journal of Medicine. 1991; 91: 3, Supplement 2, S65–S71

Brühl P, Widmann T, Sökeland J and Reybrouck G. Nosocomial urinary tract infections: etiology and prevention. Urol Int. 1986; 41(6):437-43.

Laboratory Surveillance Report. Hospital Infection Control Unit, University College Hospital Ibadan. January - December. 2012.