Salvaging the diabetic foot: is earlier better?

Resum

Background: It has been observed that patients present with advanced diabetic foot ulcers and gangrene of the feet. Most studies have not assessed the timing and reasons for late presentations and if earlier presentation would improve outcomes of treatment.
Objective: To determine the time from onset of ulceration to presentation and reason(s) for delayed
presentations. The risk factors and precipitating factors for foot ulceration were also determined as
identifying these could help in focusing on preventive strategies.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among 56 patients with diabetic foot ulcers and diabetic foot
gangrene admitted to the Medical wards of a tertiary Hospital in Nigeria.
Results: The mean age of respondents was 53.4±13.6 years and 48.2% were males. Median duration of
ulcer before presentation was 30 days (range 1-365 days). Almost 50% of the patients presented with
gangrene. A significantly higher proportion of those with advanced ulcers (grades 4-5) had an amputation performed (88.5%) compared with 3.3% of those with lower grades (1-3) (p <0.0001).

Conclusions: Despite prior diagnosis of diabetes, most patients still presented late. Education of patients at diagnosis of diabetes is important for prevention and early treatment of diabetic foot. Health care providers in peripheral hospitals also need continued education on management of diabetic foot ulcers and the need for timely referrals to improve outcomes.

Keywords: Diabetes, foot ulcers, gangrene, risk factors, amputation

Résumé
Contexte : Il a été observé que les patients présentaient des ulcères avancés du pied diabétique et une
gangrène des pieds. La plupart des études n’ont pas évalué le moment et les raisons des présentations
tardives et si une présentation préalable améliorerait les résultats du traitement.
Objectif: Pour déterminer le délai entre le début de l’ulcération et la présentation et les raisons des
présentations retardées. Les facteurs de risque et les facteurs déclenchants de l’ulcération du pied ont
également été déterminés car leur identification pourrait aider à se concentrer sur les stratégies de
prévention.
Méthodes: Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale menée auprès de 56 patients souffrant de l’ulcère du pied diabétique et de la gangrène du pied diabétique admis dans
les services médicaux d’ un hôpital tertiaire au Nigéria.
Résultats: L’âge moyen des répondants était de 53,4 ± 13,6 ans et 48,2% étaient des hommes . La durée
médiane de l’ulcère avant la présentation était de 30 jours (entre 1 et 365 jours). Près de 50% des patients présentaient une gangrène. Une proportion significativement plus élevée de ceux ayant des ulcères avancés (grades 4-5) ont subi une amputation (88,5%), contre 3,3% de ceux avec des grades inférieurs (1- 3) (p <0,0001).
Conclusions: Malgré un diagnostic préalable de diabète, la plupart des patients se présentaient encore
tard. L’éducation des patients au diagnostic du diabète est importante pour la prévention et le traitement précoce du pied diabétique. Les prestataires de soins de santé dans les hôpitaux périphériques ont également besoin d’une formation continue sur la prise en charge des ulcères du pied diabétique et la nécessité de références en temps opportun pour améliorer les résultats.

Mots-clés: diabète, ulcères du pied, gangrène, facteurs de risque, amputation

Correspondence: Dr. T.O. Akande, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Email: funmakande@yahoo.com.

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