Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is the commonest female genital tract malignancy associated with high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa due to poor prevention plan. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, and the infection is vaccine preventable. Since the introduction of HPV vaccine, robust community surveys on awareness of the vaccine that capture end-users perspective is scarce. The aim of this study is to determine HPV vaccine awareness among women of reproductive age group.
Methods: This was a household survey that used multi-stage random sampling conducted amongst 1002 women aged 18 - 49 years from August to September 2012 in Mokola area, Ibadan, south western Nigeria. A selfadministered pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed, and statistical significance was set at 95% confidence level.
Results: The mean age was 29.8 8.2 years and 49.9% had female children. Only 4.6% had heard of HPV vaccine. A significantly higher odds of HPV vaccine awareness was found among highly skilled women, those initiating sexual intercourse at older ages; women with multiple sexual partners and those aware that cervical cancer is preventable.
Conclusion: The awareness of HPV vaccine is low. Policies and programs that will improve awareness utilising culturally sensitive messages are imperative.
Keywords: HPV vaccine/vaccination, Awareness, Africa, Women
Résumé
Contexte: Le cancer cervical est la plus fréquente tumeur maligne des voies génitales féminines associée à une forte mortalité en Afrique sub-saharienne en prevention plan. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a raison de pauvre plan de prévention. Le Virus du Papillome Humain (VPH) est une cause nécessaire du cancer cervical, et l’infection évitable par la vaccination. Depuis l’introduction du vaccin contre le VPH, des enquêtes communautaires robustes sur la sensibilisation du vaccin qui capture le perspectif des ultimes-utilisatrices sont rares. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer la sensibilisation de vaccin contre le VPH chez les femmes en âge de procréation.
Méthodes: Ceci fut une enquête de ménage qui a utilisée plusieurs étapes d’échantillonnage aléatoire menée parmi de 1002 femmes âgées de 18 - 49 ans d’Août à Septembre 2012 dans le quartier de Mokola, Ibadan, sud ouest du Nigeria. Un questionnaire testé auparavant auto-administré a été utilisé pour la collecte des données. Des analyses descriptives, bi-variées et multi-variées ont été effectuées, et la signification statistique a été fixée au niveau de confiance de 95%.
Résultats: L’âge moyen était de 29,8 8,2 ans et 49,9% avaient des enfants de sexe féminin. Seulement 4,6% avait entendu parler du vaccin contre le VPH. Une chance significativement plus élevés de sensibilisation du vaccin contre le VPH a été trouvé chez les femmes hautement qualifiés, ceux initiant des relations sexuelles à un âge plus avancé; les femmes ayant des partenaires sexuels multiples et ceux conscient que le cancer cervical est évitable.
Conclusion: La prise de conscience du vaccin contre le VPH est faible. Les politiques et programmes qui permettront d’améliorer la sensibilisation en utilisant des messages culturellement sensibles sont impératives.
Mots-clés: Vaccin contre le VPH / vaccination, sensibilisation, Afrique, les femmes
Correspondence: Dr. Imran O. Morhason-Bello, Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: onembello@yahoo.co.uk; iomorhason-bello@comui.edu.ng
Riferimenti bibliografici
Anorlu R.I. What is the significance of the HPV epidemic? Can J Urol, 2008. 15(1): p. 3860-3865.
Bosch F.X. et al., Comprehensive control of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases. Vaccine, 2013. 31 Suppl 8: p. I1-31.
Franceschi S. et al., Variations in the age-specific curves of human papillomavirus prevalence in women worldwide. Int J Cancer, 2006. 119(11): p. 2677-2684.
Sahasrabuddhe V.V., et al. Cervical cancer prevention in low- and middle-income countries: feasible, affordable, essential. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2012. 5(1): p. 11-17.
Bayas J.M. Costas L and Munoz A. Cervical cancer vaccination indications, efficacy, and side effects. Gynecol Oncol, 2008. 110(3 Suppl 2): p. S11-14.
Kahn J.A. et al. Vaccine-type human papillomavirus and evidence of herd protection after vaccine introduction. Pediatrics, 2012. 130(2): p. e249-256.
Georgousakis M. et al., Population-wide vaccination against human papillomavirus in adolescent boys: Australia as a case study. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2012. 12(8): p. 627-634.
Sankaranarayanan R. et al., Infrastructure requirements for human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer screening in sub-Saharan Africa. Vaccine, 2013. 31 Suppl 5: p. F47-52.
Kane M.A. Preventing cancer with vaccines: progress in the global control of cancer. Cancer prevention research, 2012. 5(1): p. 24-29.
Remes P. et al., A qualitative study of HPV vaccine acceptability among health workers, teachers, parents, female pupils, and religious leaders in northwest Tanzania. Vaccine, 2012. 30(36): p. 5363-5367.
Mouallif M. et al. Cervical cancer and HPV: Awareness and vaccine acceptability among parents in Morocco. Vaccine, 2014. 32(3): p. 409-416.
Chan Z.C. et al. A Systematic Review of Literature about Women’s Knowledge and Attitudes toward Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination. Public health nursing, 2012. 29(6): p. 481-489.
Morhason-Bello I.O. et al. Sexual behaviour of in-school adolescents in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health, 2008. 12(2): p. 89-97.
Adewole I.F. et al. Evolving a strategic approach to cervical cancer control in Africa. Gynecologic oncology, 2005. 99(3 Suppl 1): p. S209-12.
Bello F.A. Enabor O.O and Adewole I.F. Human papilloma virus vaccination for control of cervical cancer: a challenge for developing countries. Afr J Reprod Health, 2011. 15(1): p. 25-30.
Makwe C.C. and Anorlu R.I. Knowledge of and attitude toward human papillomavirus infection and vaccines among female nurses at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Int J Womens Health, 2011. 3: p. 313-317.
Ugwu E.O. et al. Acceptability of human papilloma virus vaccine and cervical cancer screening among female health-care workers in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract, 2013. 16(2): p. 249-252.
Morhason-Bello I.O. et al. Knowledge of the human papilloma virus vaccines, and opinions of gynaecologists on its implementation in Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health, 2013. 17(2): p. 150-156.
Makwe C.C. Anorlu R.I and Odeyemi K.A. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and vaccines: knowledge, attitude and perception among female students at the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. J Epidemiol Glob Health, 2012. 2(4): p. 199-206.
NPC. Nigeria 2006 Population Census Report. Produced by National Population Commission of Nigeria. Federal Republic of Nigeria. 2006.
Ezem B.U. Awareness and uptake of cervical cancer screening in Owerri, South-Eastern Nigeria. Annals of African medicine, 2007. 6(3): p. 94-98.
Laverack G. and Labonte R. A planning framework for community empowerment goals within health promotion. Health Policy and Planning, 2000. 15(3): p. 255 - 262.
Bandura A. Health Promotion by Social Cognitive. Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 2004. 31(2): p. 143-164.
Oyetunde M.O. Perception and management of cancer among the Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria. African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2010. 39(3): p. 181-192.
DiAngi Y.T. et al. A cross-sectional study of HPV vaccine acceptability in Gaborone, Botswana. PloS one, 2011. 6(10): p. e25481.
Coleman M.A. Levison J and Sangi-Haghpeykar H. HPV vaccine acceptability in Ghana, West Africa. Vaccine, 2011. 29(23): p. 3945-3950.
Ezenwa B.N. Balogun M.R. and Okafor I.P. Mothers’ human papilloma virus knowledge and willingness to vaccinate their adolescent daughters in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Womens Health, 2013. 5: p. 371-377.
Becker-Dreps S. et al. HPV vaccine acceptability among Kenyan women. Vaccine, 2010. 28(31): p. 4864-4867.
Zhang C. Gotsis M and M. Jordan-Marsh, Social media microblogs as an HPV vaccination forum. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2013. 9(11).
Yi J.K. et al. Human papillomavirus knowledge and awareness among Vietnamese mothers. J Community Health, 2013. 38(6): p. 1003-1009.
Reimer R.A. et al. Ethnic and Gender Differences in HPV Knowledge, Awareness, and Vaccine Acceptability Among White and Hispanic Men and Women. J Community Health, 2014. 39(2): p. 274-284.
Mueller N.T. et al., Information channels associated with awareness of human papillomavirus infections and vaccination among Latino immigrants from safety net clinics. J Immigr Minor Health, 2012. 14(1): p. 183-138.
Kontos E.Z., et al. Contribution of communication inequalities to disparities in human papillomavirus vaccine awareness and knowledge. Am J Public Health, 2012. 102(10): p. 1911-1920.