Abstract
Objectives: To determine fluoride concentrations and labeling information on adult toothpastes from Nigeria and the UK.
Methods: Ten popular, unexpired, locally made and commercially available sodium-monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride adult toothpastes from Nigeria and the UK were randomly selected from the open markets. These toothpastes were the trademarked and conventional. The following information stated on toothpaste labels were recorded: active ingredient, concentration of active ingredient, direction for use, response to allergic reaction, storage temperature and instructions for children use. Triplicate samples from the top, middle and bottom of each toothpaste tube were taken and analysed for fluoride.
Results: The coefficient of variation in all the 4 Na2 FPO3 toothpaste samples was less than 10% while it was greater than 10% but not more than 20% in 14 NaF toothpaste samples. Four made-in-Nigeria toothpastes had fluoride concentrations below 1000 ppm while none of the made-in-UK toothpaste had fluoride concentration less than 1000 ppm. No made-in-Nigeria toothpaste label stated that they contain both NaF and Na2 FPO3 while it was written on 3 made-in-UK toothpaste labels. Fluoride concentrations were not stated on the labels of 4 made-in-Nigeria toothpastes. Two made-in-Nigeria toothpastes had different active ingredients after fluoride analysis when compared to the active ingredients stated on their labels. The active ingredients and their concentrations were stated on all made-in-UK toothpaste labels and the same ingredients were found after fluoride analysis. Only 1 (10.0%) of the made-in-Nigeria toothpaste label had information on how teeth should be cleaned and number of times it should be done while 9 (90.0%) of the UK toothpastes had this information. Only 1 (10.0%) UK toothpaste and none of the Nigerian toothpastes had information about when there is allergy to ingredients, don’t use consult dentist or doctor, storing toothpaste below 25oC, not using toothpaste after expiration, keeping toothpaste away from children, flossing regularly and rinsing with mouthwash. The majority 9 (90.0%) of the toothpastes from the UK had instructions about children appropriate use of toothpaste while 2 (20.0%) Nigerian toothpastes had this information.
Conclusion: Toothpastes from the UK had appropriate active ingredients, more adequate concentration of fluoride and labeling information as compared to those from Nigeria.
Keywords: Fluoride, Labeling, Adult, Toothpaste, Nigeria, United Kingdom
Résumé
Objectifs: Déterminer les concentrations de fluorure et les informations d’étiquetage sur les dentifrices pour adultes du Nigéria et du Royaume-Uni.
Méthodes: Dix dentifrices pour adultes populaires, non périmés, fabriqués localement et disponibles dans le commerce, au monofluorophosphate de sodium et au fluorure de sodium, provenant du Nigéria et du RoyaumeUni ont été sélectionnés au hasard sur les marchés ouverts. Ces dentifrices étaient des marques déposées et conventionnelles. Les informations suivantes figurant sur les étiquettes des dentifrices ont été enregistrées: ingrédient actif, concentration de l’ingrédient actif, mode d’emploi, réponse à une réaction allergique, température de stockage et mode d’emploi pour les enfants. Des échantillons en triple du haut, du milieu et du bas de chaque tube de dentifrice ont été prélevés et analysés pour le fluorure.
Résultats: Le coefficient de variation dans tous les 4 échantillons de dentifrice Na2FPO3 était inférieur à 10% alors qu’il était supérieur à 10% mais pas plus de 20% dans 14 échantillons de dentifrice NaF. Quatre dentifrices fabriqués au Nigéria avaient des concentrations de fluorure inférieures à 1000 ppm, tandis qu’aucun des dentifrices fabriqués au Royaume-Uni n’avait une concentration de fluorure inférieure à 1000 ppm. Aucune étiquette de dentifrice fabriquée au Nigéria n’indiquait qu’elle contenait à la fois du NaF et du Na2FPO3 alors qu’elle était écrite sur 3 étiquettes de dentifrice fabriquées au Royaume-Uni. Les concentrations de fluorure n’étaient pas indiquées sur les étiquettes de 4 dentifrices fabriqués au Nigéria. Deux dentifrices fabriqués au Nigéria avaient des ingrédients actifs différents après l’analyse du fluorure par rapport aux ingrédients actifs indiqués sur leurs étiquettes. Les ingrédients actifs et leurs concentrations ont été indiqués sur toutes les
étiquettes de dentifrice fabriquées au Royaume-Uni et les mêmes ingrédients ont été trouvés après l’analyse du fluorure. Seulement 1 (10,0%) de l’étiquette du dentifrice fabriqué au Nigéria contenait des informations sur la façon dont les dents devraient être nettoyées et le nombre de fois où cela devrait être fait, tandis que 9 (90,0%) des dentifrices britanniques avaient cette information. Seulement 1 dentifrice britannique (10,0%) et aucun des dentifrices nigérians n’avait d’informations sur les allergies aux ingrédients, ne pas utiliser, consulter un dentiste ou un médecin, stocker le dentifrice à une température inférieure à 25 ° C, ne pas utiliser de dentifrice après l’expiration, garder le dentifrice hors de la portée des enfants, passer régulièrement la soie dentaire et se rincer avec un bain de bouche. La majorité 9 (90,0%) des dentifrices du Royaume-Uni avaient des instructions sur l’utilisation appropriée du dentifrice par les enfants, tandis que 2 (20,0%) dentifrices nigérians avaient cette information.
Conclusion: les dentifrices du Royaume-Uni contenaient des ingrédients actifs appropriés, une concentration de fluorure plus adéquate et des informations d’étiquetage par rapport à ceux du Nigéria.
Mots clés: Fluorure, Étiquetage, Adulte, Dentifrice, Nigéria, Royaume-Uni
Correspondence: Dr. O Ibiyemi, Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Email: shola_ibiyemi@yahoo.com
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