الملخص
Objective: To assess tooth brushing skills and oral hygiene practices of a group of primary school
children
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among a selected sample of school children. An
interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographics and oral
hygiene practices. While brushing, the toothbrush grips, techniques used, tooth surfaces brushed and
tongue brushing were assessed. The duration of tooth brushing was also noted. These data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 22 and the test of significance was set at <0.05.
Results: One hundred and ten children comprising 51 (46.4%) males and 59 (53.6%) females were
assessed. Their mean age was 10.79 (+0.98) years. Fifty-one pupils (46.4%) brushed once a day, while 51
(46.4%) used a soft textured bristled toothbrush.None of the children used mouthwash or dental floss.The commonest toothbrush grip was the distal oblique, 56 (50.9%) and the commonest brushing technique was the horizontal scrub58 (52.7%). Only sixteen pupils (14.5%) brushed all tooth surfaces and tongue; the lingual surfaces were the most missed surfaces during cleaning. The mean duration of tooth brushing was 2.15 minutes. There were no statistical significant gender differences in techniques, grips, duration and surfaces cleaned.
Conclusion:The tooth brushing skills and oral hygiene practices of the pupils were less than satisfactory.
Keywords: Tooth- brush grips; tooth brushing techniques; Oral hygiene practices;
Résumé
Objectif : Pour évaluer les capacités de brossage des dents et les pratiques d’hygiène bucco-dentaire d’un groupe d’enfants en école primaire
Méthodes : Ceci était une étude transversale menée auprès d’un échantillon sélectionné d’enfants d’âge scolaire. Un questionnaire administré par un intervieweur a été utilisé pour recueillir des informations sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et les pratiques d’hygiène buccale. Pendant le brossage, les prises de brosse à dents, les techniques utilisées, les surfaces des dents brossées et le brossage de la langue ont été évalués. La durée du brossage des dents a également été notée. Ces données ont été analysées à l’aide d’IBM SPSS version 22 et le test de signification a été fixé à < 0,05.
Résultats : Cent dix enfants comprenant 51 (46,4%) de garçons et 59 (53,6%) filles ont été évaluées. Leur
âge moyen était de 10,79 (+0,98) ans. Cinquante et un élèves (46,4%) se brossaient les dents une fois par
jour, tandis que 51 (46,4%) utilisaient une brosse à dents à poils doux. Aucun des enfants n’utilisait
de rince-bouche ou de fil dentaire. La prise de brosse à dents la plus courante était la distale oblique, 56
(50,9%) et la technique de brossage la plus courante était le lavage horizontal 58 (52,7 %). Seulement
seize élèves (14,5%) brossaient toutes les surfaces dentaires et la langue ; les surfaces linguales étaient les surfaces les plus manquées lors du nettoyage. La durée moyenne du brossage des dents était de 2,15 minutes. Il n’y avait aucune différence statistiquement significative entre les sexes dans les techniques, les prises, la durée et les surfaces nettoyées.
Conclusion : Les compétences de brossage des dents et les pratiques d’hygiène buccale des élèves étaient moins que satisfaisantes.
Mots - clés : Prises de brosse à dents; techniques de brossage des dents; Pratiques d’hygiène buccale;
Correspondence: Dr Joycelyn O. Eigbobo, Department of Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Email: odegwabobo@yahoo.com
المراجع
Ahad M and Gheena S. Awareness of Tooth Brushing Techniques and Proper Oral Hygiene among School Children. J Pharm Sci & Res 2015; 7: 367-372
Kolawole KA, Oziegbe EO and Bamise CT. Oral hygiene measures and the periodontal status of school children. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011;9:143–148
Eigbobo JO, Aikins EA and Onyeaso CO. Knowledge of preventive child oral health care among expectant mothers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Pediatr Dent J 2013; 23:1-7
Cifcibasi E, Koyuncuoglu CZ, Baser U, et al. Comparison of manual toothbrushes with different bristle designs in terms of cleaning efficacy and potential role on gingival recession. Eur J Dent 2014; 8: 395–401.
Patil SP, Patil PB and Kashetty MV. Effectiveness of different tooth brushing techniques on the removal of dental plaque in 6–8 year old children of Gulbarga. J IntSocPrev Community Dent. 2014; 4: 113–116.
Das UM and Singhal P. Tooth brushing skills for the children aged 3-11 years. J Indian SocPedodPrev Dent 2009;2:104–107.
Winnier JJ, Rupesh S, Nayak UA, Reddy V and Rao AP. The Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Tongue Cleaning on Existing Plaque Levels in Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013 6: 188–192
Arora R, Raiyani C and Bhayya D. To evaluate the efficacy of various types of toothbrush grips used to remove dental plaque by children in age group 3-12 years. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 2013; 11: 25-28
Pujar P and Subbareddy VV. Evaluation of the tooth brushing skills in children aged 6-12 years. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2013;14: 213-219. doi: 10.1007/s40368-013-0046-3.
Yeluri R, Jain AA and Munshi AK. Effect of toothbrush grip on plaque removal during manual toothbrushing in children Sarika Sharma, J Oral Sci 2012; 54: 183-190
Alanazi KJ, Subhan SA, Alshehri HM, et al. Influence of Tooth Brush Grips and Brushing Techniques on Plaque Removal Efficacy. J Dent Oral Health 2017; 4: 1-7.
Sharma S, Yeluri R, Jain AA and Munshi AK. Effect of toothbrush grip on plaque removal during manual tooth brushing in children. J Oral Sci 2012; 54: 183-190.
Inada E, Saitoh I, Murakami D, et al. Evaluation and Comparison of Arm-Joint and Toothbrush Motion Between Pen Grip and Palm Grip During Tooth Brushing. J Oral Hyg Health, 2018; 6: 241
Mahmoodi P, Salimi P, Ashtiyani RD, et al. Assessment of Fine Motor and Tooth Brushing Skills in 5-6 Year Olds in Tehran. J Res Dent Sci 2014; 11:176-181
Ilyas M, Ashraf S and Jamil H. Tooth brushing techniques; relative efficacy and comparison in the reduction of plaque score in 8-11 years old children. Professional Med J 2018; 25(1):135-139.
Marshman Z, Ahern SM, McEachan RRC, et al. Parents’ Experiences of Tooth brushing with Children. A Qualitative Study. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2016; 1: 122–130.
Creeth JE, Kelly SA, González-Cabezas C, Karwal R and Martinez-Mier EA, Lynch RJM,Bosma ML, Zero DT. Effect of toothbrushing duration and dentifrice quantity on enamel remineralisation: An in situ randomized clinical trial. Journal of Dentistry 2016; 55: 61-67
Newby EE, Martinez-Mier EA, Zero DT, et al. A randomised clinical study to evaluate the effect of brushing duration on fluoride levels in dental biofilm fluid and saliva in children aged 4-5 years. Int Dent J. 2013; 63 Suppl 2:39-47.
Federal Ministry of Education, Nigeria. National School Health Policy. Abuja 2006. p. 1–32.
Lakshmi V, Marwah N, Chaturvedi Y and Mishra P. Evaluation of brushing techniques and toothbrush grips among rural and urban children. IJADS 2018; 4(2): 164-167
Hayasaki H, Saitoh I, Nakakura-Ohshima K, et al Tooth brushing for oral prophylaxis. Japanese Dental Science Review. 2014; 50: 69-77
Kumar, J. Panwar, A. Vyas, J. et al. Tooth cleaning frequency in relation to socio-demographic variables and personal hygiene measures among school children of Udaipur district, India. Int J Dent Hyg 2011; 9: 3-8
Ozbek CM, Eser D, Bektas-Kayhan K and Unur M. Comparison of the tooth brushing habits of primary school age children and their parents. JI stanb Univ Fac Dent. 2015; 49: 33–40.
Eigbobo JO, Nzomiwu CL and Obiajunwa CC. Oral hygiene practices among adolescents in Port Harcourt – a school-based study. Nig Q J Hosp Med, 2017; 27: 719-725.
Folayan MO, Khami MR, Onyejaka N, Popoola BO and Adeyemo YI. Preventive oral health practices of school pupils in Southern Nigeria.BMC Oral Health. 2014; 14: 83
Ogunrinde TJ, Oyewole OE and Dosumu OO. Dental care knowledge and practices among secondary school adolescents in Ibadan North Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. Eur J Gen Dent 2015; 4: 68-73.
Beals D, Wong PM, Allen B and Rutter B. Grip architecture in manual tooth brushing. Int Dent Res1999; 78: 2487.
Eigbobo JO and Onyeaso CO. Maternal knowledge and awareness of factors affecting oral health in the paediatric population. Tropical Dental Journal 2013; 142:15-24
Eigbobo JO, Onyeaso CO and Okolo NI: Pattern of presentation of oral health conditions among children at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Pesqui. Bras. Odonto pediatr Clin Integr 2011; 11:105-109.
Heasman PA, Holliday R, Bryant A and Preshaw PM. Evidence for the occurrence of gingival recession and non-carious cervical lesions as a consequence of traumatic toothbrushing. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S237-55.